
Glass 
Book- 



OFFICIAL DONATION. 



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Mountain Empire 
UTAH 



A BRIEF AND REASONABLY AUTHENTIC PRESENTATION OF THE MATERIAL CON- 
DITIONS OF A STATE THAT LIES IN THE HEART OF THE MOUNTAINS OF THE 
WEST — CONTAINING FACTS AND FIGURES FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES AND 
HAVING SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS FITNESS AND ADVANTAGE FOR 
THOSE SEEKING A MORE DESIRABLE PLACE IN WHICH TO MAKE A 
HOME, AS WELL AS SHOWING THE OPPORTUNITIES IT OFFERS 
FOR PERSONS HAVING MEANS WHICH THEY MAY DESIRE SAFELY 
AND PROFITABLY TO INVEST — A STATE THAT HOLDS AN 
EMPIRE'S WEALTH AND PRESENTS EVERY ADVANTAGE 
THAT ENERGY AND THRIFT MAY DEMAND — ITS SET- 
TLEMENT AND ITS DEVELOPMENT SOCIALLY AND 
INDUSTRIALLY— ITS IMMEDIATE OUTLOOK AND 
ITS PROMISE OF FUTURE GREATNESS 



EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY 

GEO. E. BLAIR C& R. W. SLOAN 

SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH 



Copyrighted i9°4 



..'" V §.v 




A MONARCH OF THE PLAINS 



The Pioneers 




[ By Judge C. C. Goodwin, former Editor Salt Lake Tribune ] 

^HE sappers and miners who go out to storm the fastnesses of the 
wilderness, who set up the signal stations and blaze the trails, that 
later civilization may follow and light the darkness with its smiles, 
are- called "Pioneers." 

Through the ages their work has been the most important 
performed by men and women; the most important but least ap- 
preciated by the great thoughtless world; though at intervals, as 
when Aeneas, with his few followers, took his little company to Italy, or when 
Xenophon led his heroes on the long march from the valley of the Tigris, across 
the wilds of Kurdestan and over the rough highlands of Armenia and Georgia, to 
the shores of the Euxine; or when the Pilgrim Fathers, in their little ship, faced a 
winter's Atlantic voyage, and then, on landing, had the faith aud strength to kneel 
on the frozen coast and offer a praise service to the Infinite for His mercies, the 
world has been touched and thrilled at the spectacle, and the story continues to ring 
out on succeeding centuries like a psalm. 



4 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Generally, when going out into the wild, Pioneers have been cheered and buoyed 
up by the hopes before them, by the ties of affection binding them to friends left 
behind, by blessed memories of friends and homes and the knowledge that they will 
not be forgotten, but, rather by the wireless telegraphy of love, prayers will daily 
and nightly ascend to Heaven in their behalf. 

But the exodus to Utah was not like any other recorded in history. The 
exodus to Italy was to a land of sunshine, native fruits and flowers; the march 
of Xenophon's "Immortal Band" was a march of fighting men back to their homes; 
the exodus of the Pilgrims was to a new world of unmeasured possibilities; but 
the exodus of Utah was a march out of Despair, to a destination on the unresponsive 
breast of the Desert. 

•The Utah Pioneers had been tossed out of civilization into the wilderness and 
on the outer gate of that civilization a flaming sword of hate had been placed, 
which was turned every way against the refugees. 

All ties of the past had been sundered. They were so poor that their utmost 
hope was to secure the merest necessities of life. If ever a dream of anything like 
comforts or luxuries came to them, they made a grave in their hearts for that dream 
and buried it, that it might not longer vex them. 

Such was their condition as they took up their Western march. The spectacle 
they presented was sorrowful enough to blind with tears the eyes of the angels of 
Pity and of Mercy. 

Day by day, the train toiled on its weary journey. There was the same limitless 
expanse of wilderness around them at dawn and at sunset. The same howl of 
wolves was their only lullaby as they sank to sleep at night. Only the planets and 
far-off, stars, rolling on their sublime courses and smiling down upon them from 
the upper deep, were a nightly symbol that God still ruled, commanded order, and 
would not forget. 

In sunshine and in storm they pressed onward for five hundred miles; then 
followed five hundred miles more over the rugged mountains which make the 
backbone of the continent. Their teams grew steadily weaker; more and more 
obstructions were interposed in their path; but they never faltered. 

Men are supposed to bear such trials. These men .had already received an 
experience which had, in a measure, prepared them for it. It was nothing for 
them to sleep with only the stars for a canopy. They had learned to economize 
food and clothing, and to smile at hardships and fatigue. Again the toil of the day 
made a bed on the prairie seem soft as down when they sank to sleep. Moreover, 
they were not gifted with vivid imaginations; they had accepted a faith which made 
them patient and obedient, and one day was like another to them. 

But what must the women of that company have endured? What longings must 
they have repressed, and smiled while repressing them? Women love gentle homes; 
they have innate desires for fair garments, rich adornments; they dream of surround- 
ing their homes and those whom they love with the grace and cheer and charm of 
their presence and accomplishments. 

As the men slept, and the women lay listening to the bark of wolves and hoot of 
owls, and they felt the wild around them peopled with uncanny things, what 
must have been the cross they bore? They were nearing no land of vine and 
flowers and gold. Only the desert awaited them — the desert with its chill and its 
repellant face. 

They reached it at last, and when their leader told them they had reached their 
chosen place, and they raised their voices in thanksgiving, it was a repetition of 
what was done on the shore of the Atlantic, and was as touching and as grand 
as when — 

"Amid the storm they sang. 
And the stars heard and the sea." 



THE PIONEERS. 5 

They began the work of trying to make rude homes. There was no hope except 
to live, and to live, merely, required incessant exertion and never-ending hardships. 

The earth would yield nothing without artificial help. Then there were the 
scourges of locusts, and of worms that blighted plants at their roots. They fought 
their way, they pushed their settlements from valley to valley against heat and 
cold, against the frontier and the savage, and persevered until flowers began at last 
to bloom and fruits to ripen, and they were able to draw around them some of 
life's comforts. Though what they did, they performed as a duty, still the record 
of it when written makes a page of history every letter of which is gold. 





BRIGHAM YOUNG 
Leader of the Pioneers, 1847 

And whatever the future holds in store for Utah, that story of toil and suffering 
and final triumph should be held as sacred history to every man who honors 
devotion to duty in men, and self-sacrifice in women. 

It should be taught to the children in the schools, and one lesson that should 
be impressed upon the mind of every child is, that a wrong act on his or her part 
would be a reproach to the brave men and women who came here in the shadow 
of despair and by incessant toil and by life-long self-abnegation laid solidly here 
the foundations of a State. 

And out of the granite of these mountains should be hewed an imperishable 
monument, which should be set rip in some conspicuous place, and upon it should 
be embossed words like these: 

"They wore out their lives in toil. They suffered without plaint. From nothing they 
created a glorified State. Honor and reverence and glory everlasting be theirs." 



Agriculture 

Irrigation 




f HE primary and most potent institutions of Utah are those of irriga- 
tion. The establishment of irrigation works as the initial step in 
founding the first settlement in Utah was made necessary by the 
conditions that confronted the first home builders of the State who 
found here a soil which, while rich in all the other elements of 
fertility, was so lacking in moisture that the artificial application 
of water was indispensable to successful agriculture. 
Without previous experience for a guide, the first irrigation works were neces- 
sarily crude and the results far from satisfactory. But sufficient was accomplished 
to inspire hope and encourage further effort which subsequently demonstrated the 
practicability of . irrigation and pointed out its wonderful possibilities. Each year 
witnessed the completion of new works and the subjugation of additional land. 
Regarded at first as a despicable expedient, irrigation soon took its proper place as a 
fundamental institution. Its growth has been as rapid as its results have been 
remarkable. In a comparatively short time all the streams of the State that were 
not difficult of diversion had been turned from their natural channels and employed 
in the irrigation of adjacent lands. 

In this way all of the water that could be utilized from the streams in their 
natural condition was soon appropriated. The natural flow of the streams is char- 
acterized by great fluctuation, yielding large quantities of water in the early season 
before irrigation begins, and a very meager supply in midsummer when the need 
for irrigation is greatest. In consequence there is great scarcity during the low- 
water stage of every year, although not more than about one-fourth of the entire 
water supply is actually used and three-fourths wasted by absorption and as flood 
and winter flow. 

Lands that were previously barren and worthless, when brought under irrigation 
become surprisingly productive and correspondingly valuable. Fruit of most kinds 
are produced in great abundance and of admitted excellence. Vegetables of every 
variety grow to perfection. The yield of alfalfa and other forage crops is simply 
surprising. By common consent intensive farming and the co-operative ownership 
and management of all irrigation works became the rule at the very beginning. 
The early establishment of this ideal rule and its observance during a period of 
nearly sixty years has resulted in the entire area (about 600,000 acres) now under 
irrigation in the State being divided into numerous highly cultivated farms, the 
average size of which is less than thirty acres, and with one exception the works 
which supply the water for irrigating these farms are owned and operated by the 
farmers themselves. 

Under these conditions this originally barren soil has often been made to produce 
crops of the nature and extent or value following: 

Sugar beets, per acre, 33J tons. Peaches, per acre (net), $400.00. 

Alfalfa hay, per acre, 7-J tons. Cherries, per acre (gross), $975.00. 

Potatoes, per acre, 900 bushels. Raspberries, per acre (gross), $800.00. 

Onions, per acre, 1,100 bushels. Strawberries, per acre (gross), $800.00. 

Grapes, per acre (gross), $1,200.00. 
The population of the State as related to the irrigated area is now about one 
person to each two acres of land. The improvement in methods which will follow 



AGRICULTURE. 7 

a better knowledge gained from greater experience will no doubt result in a popula- 
tion of one person to a single acre. This, together with the ultimate enlargement of 
the irrigated area, will provide room for numberless new homes and a correspond- 
ingly greater population. 

The further extension of irrigation in Utah depends upon the control and 
conservation of the water now wasted, and will require the construction of large and 
expensive engineering works quite beyond the reach of individual or ordinary 




EAST CANYON RESERVOIR 

community enterprise, and can no doubt be best accomplished through the agency 
of the National Reclamation Service. 

Foreseeing the necessity for co-ordination of action between the State and the 
Nation in this most important matter, the Governor of the State recommended 
and the late legislature promptly passed a law creating the Arid Land Reclamation 
Fund Commission of Utah and making its chief duty the procurement of govern- 
ment aid in extending and improving the irrigation institutions of the State. 

Through the efforts of this commission the scheme known as the Utah Lake 
project has been thoroughly investigated by the Reclamation Service engineers 
and reported upon as being capable of yielding a constant and certain annual supply 
of 1,00.0 second-feet of water during the entire irrigation season from May 1st to 
October 1st, or sufficient to cover 100,000 acres of land with water to a depth of 
three feet each season. The improved lake will have a capacity sufficient to im- 
pound 1,000,000 acre-feet of water, thus enabling the 'storage of surplus water to 
the extent of more than three times the contemplated annual consumption. This 



8 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



great reserve will constitute an absolute insurance against a deficiency of supply 
during seasons of drought and completely cure the untold evils which have 
attended the heretofore fluctuating supply. The value of this contemplated 
equalization and control of the flow of water from Utah Lake cannot be overesti- 
mated. The details of a plan by which the work may be accomplished and paid 
for are well advanced and it is expected that the plan will be perfected in time 
to permit the beginning of work during the present season. 

The same commission has recently prepared and submitted another and greater 
plan which contemplates the complete irrigation and reclamation of all the lands 




LAKE MINNIE 

of Cache, Salt Lake and Utah valleys, comprising about 1,000,000 acres of the 
most fertile land in the State. Although this land has only about one-third the 
water supply needed, there are already about 175,000 people settled upon it and 
the property which it contains is assessed on the basis of about $82,000,000. It 
is proposed to make the water supply sufficient by impounding all the water which 
now goes to waste from the several local streams and by augmentation from 
streams that do not naturally flow into these valleys, but that are tributaries 
of Snake Eiver on the north and Green Eiver on the south. 

There is perhaps no other equal opportunity for successful work by the Eecla- 
mation Service to that here afforded. A State commission whose duties are 
co-ordinate with that of the National Eeclamation Service officers; a numerous 
and wealthy community already established on farms even smaller than the Eec- 



AGRICULTURE. 9 

lamation Law provides and amply able to repay the cost of the contemplated 
works; a population whose natural increase in numbers insures the immediate 
settlement of all reclaimed lands; the experience of nearly sixty years of actual 
and successful reclamation work; a climate that is genial and invigorating; a soil 
unsurpassed in productiveness when properly supplied with water; an abundance 
<of water that can be made available at reasonable cost; a ready home market which 
the extensive and varied mining operations of the State afford; easy and ample 
means of transportation, and an eager and earnest desire on the part of the people 
ito have the great work go forward, constitute a combination difficult if not impos- 
sible to duplicate, and which cannot fail to insure the fullest possible success of 
such an enterprise. 

The commission is also inquiring into the possibilities for a third project for 
the southern portion of the State and which it is hoped may be found as complete 
and practicable in meeting the requirements of that locality as the one already 
designed and described is for the northern portion of the State. 

With the realization of the contemplated enlargement of the irrigation insti- 
tutions of Utah there will come a corresponding expansion of all other and 
varied institutions. Thousands of additional homes will be established; new op- 
portunities will be opened to the manufacturer, the merchant and the mechanic; 
the field for labor and capital will both be greatly enlarged, and general growth 
and prosperity will prevail. 

It is evident that a new and progressive era for Utah is about to be ushered in, 
compared with which our past progress, magnificent as it has been, cannot be 
regarded as more than a mere, introduction. 

Eeliable information respecting the extent of mains and laterals or the value 
thereof, or the subdivision of interests involved is unavailable. Data on the 
subject is being collected, but the labor involved may be partially surmised when 
it is stated that on the Weber Eiver alone there are some nine hundred diversions 
of water. While the Weber is one of the considerable streams of the State, it 
is far from being the largest. Consequently the statement of the diversions on 
that stream alone will indicate clearly how deeply and indestructibly the irrigation 
system of the State is woven, into its argicultural web and woof. 

Omitting altogether data from some counties, there are 351 canals in the 
State with a capitalization of $28,029,932. Of this amount over twenty millions 
is in canals in Salt Lake County. With rare exceptions, the canals are owned by 
those who own the lands they water and the water follows the land in a transfer 
of the latter. 

Cereals 

While a very large proportion of the superficial area of the State of Utah is 
mountainous and for that reason not subject to cultivation, and while other large 
portions are so arid and remote from possible water supplies as to be valueless for 
agricultural purposes, nevertheless the State may be counted as a very liberal pro- 
ducer of all agricultural products. The natural soil, in the main, is extremely 
rich and of great depth, and has for years yielded cereals and roots with- 
out rotation or fertilizing, and still persists in producing a greater quantity per 
acre than the average eastern farm. The valleys have been made by deposits of soil 
from the mountains, much on the principle of the silt from a river making new and 
rich ground at various points. As this filling process has been going on for countless 
ages, and as the salts indispensable to plant life have been steadily accumulating in 
the valleys and are not leached out (as is the case in countries where the soil is but a 
thin layer above the bedrock), it necessarily follows that the farms in this State have 



10 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



a producing capacity far beyond that of the average soil under cultivation in older 
states, where the conditions are not as favorable to the growth of plant life. 

The general impression that the cultivation of farm products is not possible 
where there is no water for irrigation purposes, is not borne out by the facts, though 
the value of water for irrigation cannot possibly be over-estimated. Throughout 
the Rocky Mountains there are innumerable so-called "dry farms," and the growing 
of wheat on these farms has become a profitable part of the agricultural development 
of the region, and especially so in Utah. Wheat sown in the fall grows and matures 
from the spring rains. While the yield is nothing like as great as where irrigation 

is employed, so much larger 
areas can be brought under 
cultivation that the profits are 
practically as great from dry 
farming as from irrigation. 
There are, however, unfavor- 
able seasons when the dry farm 
wheat crops are practically 
lost, and this is especially true 
if the fall-sown wheat becomes 
winter-killed, or where the 
spring rains are insufficient to 
give the young plant a start 
strong enough to enable it to 
mature. 

The labor involved is nec- 
essarily much less, the area 
that can be sown by the mere 
harrowing and drilling in of 
the wheat without plowing is 
so much greater, that the de- 
ficiency in the yield of dry 
farms is made up by the in- 
creased number of acres that 
can be sown. 

Then again, the alfalfa, or 
lucern, crop is a very profitable 
one on dry farms. Wherever 
a mower can be run at least 
one crop of lucern — once it 
gets a good start — can be 
grown each year, and as this 
will yield from two to three 
tons per acre, it makes a profitable crop for feed purposes. Vast tracts of land in 
Utah, which otherwise would be waste, thus are made to contribute to the general 
wealth of the State. The lucern seed grown on these lands is rated to have much 
more value than the seed grown with irrigation; it is more hardy and heavier, 
and as there is a constant demand for lucern or alfalfa seed, quite a material sum 
is added annually to the wealth of the State from this source. 

No conception of the conditions that confronted the pioneers in Utah can be 
had by the person coming into the State to-day and beholding the present develop- 
ment. There are spots where some idea can be had of the sun-blistered and grease- 
wooded wastes that spread their uninviting areas before those who first located in 
the Salt Lake Valley. But these are rarely seen. Jim Bridger, after whom Fort 




GOVERNOR HEBER M. WELLS 



AGRICULTURE. 



11 



Bridger, in Wyoming, is named, declared to the Mormon Pioneers that he would 
give $1,000 for the first ear of corn raised in this State. In 1903 Utah produced 
3,500,000 bushels of wheat and over 20,000 tons of sugar, while every known semi- 
tropical and temperate zone fruit grew to perfection in this State. The assessed 
valuation of property amounts to $120,000,000. The wheat yield for 1903 of 
3,500,000 bushels should have been materially increased to have reached a normal 
production, but a series of winters in which the fall of snow was light and the 
spring rains less than the average, resulted in a shortage of water and the curtailing 
of dry farm crops. Besides this, a considerable area formerly devoted to the raising 




BEAR RIVER CANYON 
Showing Bear River Canal on the left and Hammond Canal and O. S. L. Railroad on the right 



of wheat has been devoted to the cultivation of sugar beets; still other tracts which 
formerly were devoted to the same purpose have been turned into the raising of 
lucern for the sustenance of dairy cows. It has always been difficult to get rid of 
the surplus wheat product of the State, by reason of the distance of the State from 
waterways and the difficulty of getting railroad rates which would enable the excess 
product to go to foreign ports. The result has been that the production of wheat 
has not begun to keep pace with the increased production in other directions, 
because of the uncertain profits. As a matter of fact, Utah is practically dependent 
upon the home consumption for her product of wheat, and while the home market is 
practically her own, she is not in a position to ask exorbitant prices for her cereal 
products, for the reason that flour from other states is always in competition with 
the Utah product. 



12 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



The average yield of wheat per acre in Kane County in 1903 was 25 bushels, 
while in Millard County it was a fraction less than 11 bushels. This discrepancy is 
accounted for by the fact that the climatic conditions are not uniform over the 
State each season, and while they are not as friendly in Kane County as they might 
have been, they were vastly less favorable in Millard County — a vast tract of desir- 
able land with but a very limited water supply. 

As is shown elsewhere, under the heading of "Irrigation," projects are now ma- 
turing and practically determined upon which will give to the northern part of the 
State between 700,000 and 1,000,000 additional acres of land that may be brought 
under irrigation, the value of which to the State at large and as affording a means of 




A MOUNTAIN FARM -ECHO CANYON 



increased population to engage in horticulture and agriculture, cannot well be 
conjectured. When this project shall have been accomplished, it is a conservative 
estimate to say that from this source alone the taxable value of land in the State 
will have been practically doubled, as with sufficient water the land to be brought 
under cultivation will average in value not less than $60 per acre, and this, with 
the improvements to follow, will run the value up to in excess of $100 per acre. 
Plans are also maturing for the conservation of water now going to waste, which 
is to be applied to the vast tracts of dry land in Millard and other central and 
southern counties of the State, the effect of which will be, as already stated, not only 
to increase the values of the State, but to add infinitely to the population. 

It is, therefore, unlikely that any condition can arise in this State where Utah 
will be dependent upon other sources than her own for her bread-stuffs. In fact, 



AGRICULTURE. 13 

she will always be in a position to export cereals if it can be done with profit. This 
is said with the full consciousness of the vast industrial and manufacturing under- 
takings certain to be inaugurated in this State in the near future. These will be 
consequent in a measure upon the development of the iron mines referred to 
elsewhere, upon the coal mines and of the hydrocarbons also mentioned elsewhere; 
the hydrocarbons referred to being distinguished from the coal mines. 

The product of cereals and hay in the State for the year 1903 was substantially 
as follows: Wheat, 162,000 acres, 3,500,000 bushels; oats, 51,600 acres, product 
1,800,000 bushels; barley, 11,316 acres, product 363,867 bushels; rye, 5,199 acres, 
product 65,426 bushels; corn, 10,238 acres, product 2,100,000 bushels; potatoes, 
13,797 acres, product 1,748,608 bushels; sugar beets, 25,000 acres, product 300,000 
tons; sorghum, 507 acres, product 53,067 gallons; lucern, 280,000 acres, product 
800,000 tons; tame hay, 30,693 acres, product 64,923 tons; wild hay, 82,477 acres, 
product 103,110 tons. In addition to the above over 5,000 acres of land were 
devoted to various purposes not enumerated, the value of the product of which was 
about $350,000. 

The nurseries of Utah cover approximately 1,000 acres and have an invested 
capital of about $300,000, and yielded for the year 1903 $125,000. 

In horticulture and small fruits the division of land is as follows: Orchards, 
15,000 acres, capital invested $1,500,000, value of the product $600,000; vineyards, 
1,000 acres, capital invested $100,000, value of product $50,000; small fruits, "2,000 
acres, capital invested $100,000, product $300,000. 

There are a total of 23,000 farms in the State of Utah, with a total acreage of 
1,643,000; less than 600,000 acres of this land, however, are regularly cultivated, 
and a part of this consists of what are called "dry farms." 

The average yield of wheat per acre throughout the State is a fraction under 
twenty bushels, while on many farms the average yield is fifty, sometimes sixty, 
and even more, bushels per acre; but as already explained, the average product per 
acre is reduced by reason of the lesser yield of the dry farms. Each year, however, 
witnesses an increase in the average product of cereals per acre, which would indicate 
higher and more intensive farming, better knowledge of conditions and a capacity 
for overcoming such obstacles as are encountered in the variable water supply from 
year to year. It follows, therefore, that the outlook for agriculture in the State 
is brighter than it has ever been, not alone from the fact that the projects on foot 
towards a storage of the water are certain to be realized, but because our farmers 
are not only more diligent, but are certainly applying more intelligent methods to 
the development of their farms. 

Utah's total surface area is 52,541,440 acres; of this area but 4.858.893 acres 
have been appropriated, and 5,574,068 acres reserved, leaving 42.108,479 acres still 
unappropriated. This of course includes mountains and elevated plateaus. 

Utah, the Fruit Growers' Paradise 

The delightful vocation of fruit growing, the poetry of agriculture, can be 
successfully followed in some of its many branches in nearly every county in the 
State, and judging from the unsupplied and ever-growing demand for fine fruit, 
it will be a long time before there will arise any fear of an over-supply of the 
product of tree, bush or vine in Utah. The climatic conditions affecting horticul- 
ture in Utah are practically an epitome of the whole United States, with added 
characteristics exclusively our own. The high mountain valleys are not unlike the 
vigorous climate of Minnesota and northern New England, except for its aridity, 
where none but the hardier fruits can be grown: the lower central valleys afford 
a climate as genial for the growing of fine fruits as the Central and Western State-, 



14 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



while the valley orchards of "Dixie," as Southern Utah is called, vie with California 
and the South in the production of the finest grapes, figs and other semi-tropical 
fruits. It is apparent, then, that an enumeration of the fruits that can be success- 
fully grown in Utah would be, with slight modification, a catalogue of the known 
fruits of the world, excepting tropical. The prospective fruit grower has in Utah 
the choice of a wider variety of soil and climate to suit his fancy than is offered 
in any other State in the Union, with the possible exception of California. 

That Utah offers almost unlimited opportunities for profitable fruit growing 
is fully demonstrated by the many thriving orchards that flourish in nearly every 

county in the State. The su- 
perior quality of Utah fruit 
was put beyond question by the 
magnificent and varied exhibit 
of all kinds of orchard prod- 
ucts at the Irrigation Congress 
in Ogden last September. On 
that occasion there was shown 
to admiring thousands the 
largest fruit display ever col- 
lected under one roof .west of 
Omaha. The Utah exhibit 
alone, collected and arranged 
by the State Board of Horti- 
culture, was pronounced by 
experts the best ever shown in 
the West. The grape display 
from "Dixie" was equal in 
every respect to that shown 
from the Golden State of Cali- 
fornia, with double the num- 
ber of varieties, besides figs 
and pomegranates. 

The fruit crop of the State 
in 1903 was hardly an average 
one. A splendid harvest of 
choice fruits of all kinds was 
produced in some districts, 
while in others it was a total 
failure, due to late spring frost 
killing the blossoms. 

In its recent report to the 
Secretary of State, the State Board of Horticulture indicates a marked improve- 
ment in the horticultural conditions of the State. There has been a gratifying 
increase in orchard plantings. Well-kept orchards are becoming more conspicu- 
ous because more common; fruit trees are better cared for, better cultivation is 
practiced, and spraying and other disinfections are more generally carried on to 
keep in check fruit tree diseases and insect pests. As a result, the quality of the 
fruit produced in the State is much superior, bringing better prices and more 
ready sales. 

The principal insect pests that trouble the Utah orchardist are the codling 
moth larvae and the wooly aphis. The San Jose scale exists to a limited extent 
in one or two counties, but can be kept under control by the use of the winter 
spraying solution of lime, salt and sulphur. Pear blight is a serious menace in 
some districts, due to neglect in fighting it on its first appearance. 




FIG TREE — TOQUERVILLE 



AGRICULTURE. 



15 



The profits from fruit growing in Utah fully justify the hope displayed in the 
increased plantings. In favored districts many of the commercial orchards of the 
State yielded their owners from $200 to $300 per acre for the season just closed. 
Instances might be cited showing returns of $500 to $800 per acre from small 
fruit culture, where these have been made a specialty on small areas. 

The soil and climatic conditions of Utah are peculiarly adapted to fruit grow- 
ing. Hardy fruits of every description thrive in nearly every county of the north 
and central sections of the State, and in the counties of San Juan, Grand and 
Washington, particularly in the last named, semi-tropical fruits, as the grape, 
figs and pomegranates, are produced in abundance. Grape growing is fully as 
well adapted to the southern part of the State as in California, and the raisin 




WASATCH MOUNTAINS 



product is pronounced by experts and chemists to be superior to that produced 
in the Golden State. This industry promises to become a leading one in Southern 
Utah. 

If the growing of fruit is systematically followed in all its details with the 
same scientific care as is given to the growing of sugar beets, there is no branch 
of farming in Utah that can compare in profitable returns with the produce of 
the orchard. Where climatic and other conditions are so favorable as in Utah, 
fruit growing is not only the most lucrative, but the most pleasant and fascinating 
of all agricultural pursuits. No locality in the West offers better opportunities 
for commercial fruit growing than does Utah. The success of many extensively 
engaged in it, particularly in the north central sections of the State, attests this 
claim beyond all doubt. 

The control of moisture is one of the special advantages the Utah fruit grower 
has over his eastern competitor, a condition that contributes largely to the success 



16 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 




AGRICULTURE. 17 

of the local orchardists. Where irrigation water is so valuable as it is in this 
State, business economy suggests the growing of such crops as will require the 
least water to mature, and for which there may be obtained the fullest returns. 
The peculiar adaptability of the soil and climate of Utah to fruit growing on an 
extensive scale offers the most profitable returns for the use of all the irrigation 
water available. Water that will mature a $40 crop of wheat to the acre will pro- 
duce a $200 crop of the larger fruits and $300 to $800 crops of berry fruits. 
These are conservative estimates, based upon crops grown in various sections of 
the State. 

Sheep 

The sheep and wool industries in Utah during 1903 were not as profitable as 
in years gone by, nor is the immediate future outlook as encouraging as could 
be hoped for. In the past, Utah has been a great wool producer. So profitable 
in fact was this industry that the available grazing lands became overstocked, 
with the inevitable result that sheep raisers have sustained, within the past few 
years, very heavy losses. The overstocking of the public ranges would probably 
not have been responsible for the losses referred to, but for several years continued 
drouth has partially destroyed the ranges. Added to this has been the curtail- 
ment of the range by forest reserves through administrative action, and the rental 
and sale by the State to private parties of lands formerly open to occupancy by 
flockmasters generally. 

The severe winters, long continued cold spells and insufficient feed caused 
by poor ranges and drouth, already stated, have cut down the Utah herds fully 
forty per cent, since 1900. On the whole, prices for wool have not been so good 
as formerly, although fat lambs and wethers brought good prices in the Eastern 
markets. This, however, is not so favorable a condition when the loss of flocks is 
remembered, and that fat wethers are hard to find on overstocked and insufficient 
ranges, after hard winters and with a prevailing scarcity of feed. These con- 
ditions obtaining, the wool clip is also bound to be deficient both in quality and 
weight, and a loss of fully thirty per cent, was felt from these causes during the 
past year. 

The year 1904 promises better fortune to sheepmen, as the winter ranges were 
in much better condition than usual when the flocks moved on them; besides the 
flocks, as stated before, have been greatly reduced, which necessarily affords 
better range opportunities for the fewer numbers remaining. 

In 1900 the government census showed 3,818,423 sheep in the State of Utah. 
divided as follows: Ewes, 1,983,802; wethers, 659,332; lambs, 1,625,289. The 
total value of these was $10,256,480.00. The lamb and wether crop of that year was, 
approximately, of the value of $5,000,000, and the wool crop totaled $1,800,000. 

For 1903, the State inspection, as reported by Jesse M. Smith, president of 
the Utah Woolgrowers' Association, shows a total number of 1,853,790 slice]). 
showing a loss of nearly 2,000,000 head. The wool crop from the same was about 
$1,500,000; the lamb ^and mutton crop about $2,400,000; total, $3,900,000, a 
falling off since 1900 of some $3,000,000 annually. 

Disheartening as conditions have been and still are, there are many heavy and in- 
telligent flockmasters who see a bright future for the sheep and wool industry. Utah 
has much in its favor. It embraces a large natural area for range sheep raising, 
and while the production of wool per sheep is not so great, the extensive oper- 
ations of those engaged in the pursuit make its possible profits very alluring. 
The Great American, Desert affords infinite pasturage for sheep in the winter 
time, while the extensive mountain area is ideal for summer grazing. These 
sheep are easily moved from point to point, traveling slowly, but grazing as they 
go, and thus during seasons traverse really great distances. Little food is neces- 



18 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

sary and less water, and the many obstacles that confront the driving of other 
live stock are wanting for sheep, and, as already stated, render Utah an ideal field 
for sheep ranging. This it is, together with the great profits made at times, that 
has induced so many to turn to sheep ranging as a business. 

Nor is the Utah flockmaster wanting in knowledge of the business. The 
grade of his flocks is constantly and faithfully maintained by the introduction 
of the best grade of blood obtainable. The Merino and Cotswold mixed are 
counted the most valuable sheep. The combination makes a heavy and hardy sheep 
— sheep that stand the winters, produce weight in mutton and yield well in wool. 
Under favorable conditions these sheep would average 12 to 15 pounds of wool 
annually; but this figure is far from reached because range sheep run through 
brush and the fiber of the wool is broken and thus a heavy loss results. Handled 
in small bunches on a farm with sufficient and regular food, and these sheep have 
averaged, year after year, 17 pounds of wool per head. It necessarily follows that 
the handling of vast herds wholly dependent upon the seasons for food often 
results in years when the losses are well night disastrous to many. 

In Utah may be found some of the best bred Merino and Cotswold sheep in 
the world. Mr. W. S. Hanson, of Box Elder County, and Mr. John Seeley, in 
Sanpete County, carry, perhaps, the best grade of Eamboulette sheep to be found 
anywhere. Allen Brothers, at Draper, Salt Lake County, possess the largest herd 
of pure blooded Cotswold sheep known to exist. 

The interests of the flockmasters of the State are under the watchful care 
of the Utah Woolgrowers' Association, the officers and vice presidents of which 
are here named: 

Jesse M. Smith, Layton, President; Heber A. Smith, Draper, Vice President; 
0. P. Hatch, Bountiful, Secretary. 

W. D. Candland, Mt. Pleasant, James H. Moyle, Salt Lake City, J. S. Ostler, 
Nephi, Executive Committee. 

County Vice Presidents — B. R. Meek, Salt Lake County; Jos. R. Olsen, Box 
Elder County; Stearnes Hatch, Davis; R. G. Miller, Carbon; J. C. Whattaker, 
Piute; Wm. Kirk, Utah; Alma Magleby, Sevier; J. S. Ostler, Juab; J. L. Wrathall, 
Tooele; John Nebeker, Rich; Louis Anderson, San Pete; John E. Austin, Wasatch; 
Preston Blair, Weber; John Pasket, Summit; Jas. Kippen, Morgan; S. R. Bennion, 
Uintah; Jos. Nielson, San Juan; Wilford Dav, Iron; Isaac Jorgenson, Cache; Heber 
J. Meeks, Kane; Thos. Sevy, Garfield; C. W. Watts, Millard; J. W. Seely, Emery. 

Cattle 

Cattle growing in Utah has undergone in the past ten years so marked a 
change that it is doubtful if a considerable number of our own people even have 
realized the passing of the picturesque "puncher," the rodeo grande, and the 
homely but hospitable -chuck wagon. Big herds and a few big cow barons have 
given way to small bunches of cattle and a multitude of owners; the' open range, 
unbounded in extent, to the pasture proposition, often very limited in area; and 
the riata and the saddle-iron of the cowboy's palmiest period, to the squeeze-gate 
and stamp-branding iron of this prosaic day. 

Formerly an exclusive pursuit in this State, the business of raising cattle here 
now is more generally followed as a mixed occupation in conjunction with farming, 
and its permanence and perpetuity appear best assured along these lines. 

The appropriation of the living waters for manufacturing and agricultural 
purposes, and the occupancy of water front lands by actual settlers for planting, 
restrained cattle in their liberty of movement and restricted them in their use 
of the range to a degree which made it difficult for them to rustle a living for 
themselves; and when their opportunities were further encroached upon by in- 
creasing hordes of sheep in their endless migration over the public pasture domain, 



AGRICULTURE. 19 

winter feeding became a fixture among the methods and provisions of the business. 

The effect of the change from large herds to small holdings and the resultant 
difference in the methods of handling the business, is particularly noticeable in 
the quality of the cattle now being bred in Utah. The reduction in numbers 
permits better control in the breeding and the increase in the number of owners 
has induced greater liberality of expenditure for new blood to improve the older 
strains. Consequently Utah cattle are rapidly becoming high grades of the beef 
type, and as such are in great demand by the feeders of the corn States who depend 
more and more, as the farming conditions east of us alter, upon western territory 
for the meat steers they must mature in order to make a sure market for their corn. 

From a physical point of view the cattle business in' Utah is in better shape 
than it ever was before. Owners have reduced their herds to such numbers as 
their pastures and summer ranges will provide for in ordinary years, and their 
hay crops will supply with winter feed in case of necessity. They are no longer 
so dependent upon favoring rains in summer and fair weather at other seasons. 
In a word, they are doing more for themselves and their belongings, and leaving 
less for the accomplishment of fortuitous circumstances, or other uncertain agen- 
cies, and the business is on the mend, for the individual, and as a feature of the 
State's wealth as well. 

In common with the producers of the country at large, Utah cattlemen suffer 
under price depressions from time to time, which are not traceable for cause to 
the established laws of supply and demand; and at this writing owners are affected, 
it is confidently believed, by the unfair manipulation of the large operators located 
at the big markets. Discriminative rates favorable to the latter points as against 
cities of importance situated much nearer the point of production, have been long 
maintained by the transportation companies; and this favoritism has resulted in 
the centralization at the five big markets of 80 per cent, of the fat cattle, sheep 
and swine of the country whenever they are in condition to kill. The low 
through rate discourages intermediate selling, and gives the eastern packer, or 
beef buyer, an advantage over his western competitor, which has kept the oper- 
ations of the latter down to slaughter-house proportions to date; and it also im- 
poses upon producing shippers the maximum shrink in flesh and figure of cost for 
maintenance incidental to long shipments. 

Indications, however, now point to modifications of the evils whic'h have been 
long complained of that will effect great savings to western producers, and Utah 
stcckmen are prominently connected with the general movement through which 
this economy is to be secured. The cost of transportation, since the forced aban- 
donment of movement by trail, has been one of the heaviest burdens the live 
stock business of Utah has been obliged to bear; and the item of freight charge 
has only slightly exceeded in dollars and cents those others included in the term 
"cost of transportation," to-wit: shrinkage and damaged appearance, usually the 
result of bad service. The plan perfected will include also means for diminishing 
the control of the supply which the present small coterie of buyers exert through 
the centralization of receipts at the doors of their abattoirs, as well as other reforms 
in the present methods of moving and marketing meat animals of great econo- 
mizing value to the producers of this and other States. 

At the last annual meeting of stock growers at Portland, Ore., it was suggested 
that those engaged in raising live stock for the market should protect themselves 
against the exactions of buyers by establishing their own abattoirs and packing 
houses. How effective and far-reaching this movement will prove, and by what 
methods it will be undertaken, or whether it will be met by such reductions as 
may satisfy the grower, time alone will demonstrate, but the result of the issue is 
of vital importance to Utah as an integral part of the cattle growing West. 

The total output of cattle from Utah during the year was under 40,000 head, 



20 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

or about 35 per cent, less than it was in 1902. The bulk of the turn-off went to 
ranges in other States and the decline in price realized was therefore less than 
the average market decline. 

The consumption within the State increased considerably during the year. 
In addition to special conditions, such as the material local railroad construction, 
which contributed to this increased use of the home-killed supplies, people of the 
cities and the towns have continued to indulge their beef appetite, notwithstand- 
ing high prices. 

The combined consumption has used up fully 60,000 cattle during the year. 
These represent a value of about $180,000. The loss was somewhat above normal, 
probably 2,700 head. 

Swine 

It does not seem that the intention to raise hogs and make them marketable 
has seriously taken hold of the people of this State yet. Just why it has not, in 
a region so productive of the small grains, roots and other truck so highly 
esteemed in other countries as bacon-makers, is not apparent. It is a well known 
fact that the barley and root-made hog products of Ireland, Scotland, England, 
Denmark and other countries readily command prices that run anywhere from 
40 to 75 per cent, higher than those of American manufacture. The principal 
reason given for this discrimination is that the home articles are made from corn- 
fattened hogs, and that the products are gross, lacking in flavor and less palatable 
because of such diet. 

They may not know what good bacon is across the pond, but they use all that 
is made over there, and they pay the premium stated for the article made, by 
feeding just such truck as every Utah farm and garden produces in excess each 
season. It is often urged that a lack of packing facilities locally is responsible for 
the lack of attention to swine growing. The claim has some merit, but packing 
houses without hogs to pack, and that in numbers and at times that insure the 
continuous operation of such plants, are beyond the ability of any to command as 
money-making propositions. It requires a complete plant, equipped with modern 
contrivances, to operate against the powerful competition of the enormous aggre- 
gation of wealth engaged in this business at eastern centers; and to justify the 
erection of such plants, their equipment with the requisite machinery, and the 
association of money necessary to operate them, the following are essential requi- 
sites to investors: Fat hogs, fat cattle, fat sheep, at all times in the year, in 
sufficient numbers and at prices on a par with those prevalent where other packers 
make their purchases. 

Cattle are fattened in the State to meet the demands of local consumption, 
and with profit at local prices to those who feed them, evidently, as the native 
product continues to shut out pretty effectually importations of dressed beef; and 
the quantity and quality of Utah mutton has been sufficient for home consumers 
up to date. For our supply of hog products, on the contrary, we have always 
depended, more or less, on the production of other states, and the commendable 
efforts of local packers, operating under great disadvantages and constantly in- 
creasing difficulties, have utterly failed to remedy the defect. The efforts referred 
to were directed to the encouragement of hog-raising and their subsequent prepara- 
tion by the payment of prices for hogs equal to and often higher than ruled on 
eastern markets for swine of better quality. This artificial stimulus to the business 
of hog-raising was costly to the local packers who were public-spirited, and they 
were forced out of business. Since then our bacon making and hog packing have 
been on the slaughter-house scale, one of minimum proportions. 




Educational and Social 

Public Schools 

HE State school law requires the attendance of all minors between 
the ages of 6 and 18 years at school for a fixed number of months 
in each year, and affords gratuitous tuition. Free school books 
for those attending may be provided under the law by the several 
school boards, at their option. This fund is met by a general tax 
levied against all taxable property. A tax of three mills is levied 
by the State for general school purposes. Within fixed limits the 
counties fix the assessment for school purposes. In cities of the first and second 
class, school interests are controlled by an elective board, and the levy for school 
purposes is devoted to educational purposes in each city of that class. 

The total school population for the State for 1904 was approximately 90,000 
pupils; number of school buildings, about 709; value of school buildings, approxi- 
mately $2,750,000; number of teachers employed, 1,662. 

The Public Schools of Salt Lake City, Utah 

In its onward movement Salt Lake's school system entered its present era in 
1890, when the free school law, commonly designated the new school law, was 
enacted. This, however, did not mark the advent of the first free schools in our 
State, as some districts had previously availed themselves of the "local option" 
provision of former laws and had established free schools. But the enactment of 
this law did bring the free school within the reach of every child in the State, 
although tuition had formerly, in most cases, been merely nominal. In addition 
to the then existing country district, it established, by means of consolidation, dis- 
tricts to be known as cities of the first and second class, of which there are four 
in the State, Salt Lake City being the only one of the first class; those of the second 
class being Ogden, Logan and Provo. * 

By one act the legislature converted Salt Lake City into a single school district, 
with boundaries corresponding to those of the corporate city. Where previously 
twenty-two school districts, presided over by as many boards, each consisting of 
three members, were to be found, there was brought into existence a single school 
board with a constituency of only ten members, thus simplifying the administrative 
machinery and at the same time giving added power. A school superintendent, 
elected biennially by the voters and vested with but limited advisory power in the 
selection and recommendation of teachers to the various school boards of the city 
and county, was replaced by one appointed by the Board of Education, paid a 
liberal salary and clothed with all necessary authority to effect a reorganization 
along the new lines. 

And at this time a demand from the whole State came for more teachers and 
better teachers. The new school law provided new opportunities, and the country 
school districts, like Salt Lake, were not slow to avail themselves of these. Al- 
though the public schools of our State, from the very time that the first little log 
schoolhouse in 1847 was constructed, had ever striven under the most untoward 
conditions to fulfil the purpose of their existence, it might be said with truth that 
as a reward and result of the struggles and persistent efforts of those most interested 
in educational affairs, a new era dawned in 1890. Beautiful and commodious 



22 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



structures sprang up, as if by magic, on every side, until now in nearly every 
district in the State the best and costliest building is the schoolhouse. In many 
cases a heavy bonded indebtedness was necessary, but the means employed found 
justification in the end to be attained. 

A notable and important measure was adopted in Salt Lake and other cities at 
the beginning of the year 1892-93, when free text books and supplies were furnished 
to all grade pupils. Since then the poor boy has had practically every opportunity 
enjoyed by his more fortunate companion, and the result has made itself manifest 




WASATCH SCHOOL 
One of Salt Lake's Public Schools 



in his progress. Under former conditions, the advancement of every class was, to 
an extent, checked by those that were without the necessary books and materials. 
The change not only reduced the total expenditure for books in the city, but it also 
increased the quantity and variety of reading and reference books, and thus added 
perceptibly to the interest of class work. In short, the success of the free text 
book plan has surprised even the most ardent supporters. 

The year 1892-93 saw the introduction of supervisory work, a supervisor of 
primary schools having been elected at the beginning of that year, and, later, 
supervisors of music and drawing were added. In addition to this, principals 
devote their time almost exclusively to supervisory work in their respective 
buildings. 

The statute creating the school district of Salt Lake City provides that "the 



EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. 



23 



public school system therein shall be controlled by the board of education." The 
meager compensation allowed has precluded office seekers from membership, while 
the time of year when the election is held has kept the board entirely free from 
the baneful influences of partisan politics. As a consequence, men of more than 
ordinary business and professional sagacity have been chosen. This has given 
to the various boards a real strength in their constituency that has made efficient 
and businesslike administrations possible, and has insured to the schools at all 
times a policy essentially broad-minded and liberal, but yet conservative. 

The last school enumeration for Salt Lake City, taken in the latter part of 
July, 1903, showed 15,987 children of school age (6 to 18 years), about 30 per 




UTAH BUILDING AT WORLD'S FAIR, ST. LOUIS 



cent, of the total population. Of these about 13,000 are now registered in the 
primary and grammar departments and over 900 in the high schools. About 550 
pupils receive certificates of promotion to the high schools each year. From 
55 to 65 per cent, of these enter the high schools and a large proportion of the 
others enter the state preparatory school and private schools. From 80 to 100 
students are graduated by the high school each year in its four-year courses and 
25 to 30 in the two-year commercial course. 

The course of study for the grades covers a period of eight and one-half 
years, and includes the branches taught in all first class systems, manual training 



and sewing being among them. 



The high school offers strong four-year courses 



24 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

that satisfy all entrance requirements to the best colleges in the United States. 
Military training is required of all boys during the freshman and sophomore years. 
A good commercial course of two years is well patronized. 

Three hundred and ten teachers are employed in the grades and thirty-five 
in the two high schools. The grade teacher receives from $40 to $80 a month, 
and the high school teacher from $75 to $120, the gradation being determined on 
merit. The schedule provides for a yearly increase of $20 to $75 until the maxi- 
mum is reached. Grade principals are paid from $84 to $145 per month, and 
high school from $150 to $250. Teachers are employed for nine months and 
principals for ten, the latter being at their post of duty one or two weeks before 
and after the school term. 

Each year the board appoints a limited number of inexperienced graduates 
of accredited normal training schools to act in the capacity of assistants for the 
period of one year. If their work proves satisfactory, they are reappointed at 
an increased salary. Only such non-graduates are appointed as have had several 
years of successful experience elsewhere. In its personnel, Salt Lake City has 
perhaps the most representative corps of teachers in the country, there being one 
or more teachers from practically every State in the Union. 

Salt Lake City owns twenty-three school buildings, having a total value of 
$850,000, and a seating capacity of about 13,000. With several exceptions the 
buildings are strictly modern and have from ten to twenty rooms each. They 
cost from $4,000 to $70,000 each, although the present value is much above 
these figures. All are built of brick. The Lafayette, located at the head of 
State street, is nearing completion and will be ready for occupancy in September. 
Besides a large assembly room containing five hundred opera chairs, it will have 
eighteen class rooms. The cost will exceed $120,000. 

School revenues come from two sources — taxes, and interest on money received 
from the sale of school lands. At present the latter is of little consequence. For 
the year 1903-04 the State school tax of three mills will furnish about $70,000; 
the county school tax of two and two-tenths mills, $52,000; and the city school 
tax of five and two-tenths for maintenance, $190,000, and of one and five-tenths 
mills for buildings, $55,000. For sinking fund and interest on bonds, about 
$46,500 will be received. The State and county taxes are apportioned on the 
per capita basis. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Estimated value of school property $ 1,218,664.80 

Valuation of taxable city property* (1903) 34,505,148.00 

Cost of superintendence and instruction (approximate) 206,437.50 

Cost of books and school supplies 26,180.78 

Total cost' of maintaining the schools, per capita (1903) — 

(a) Based on average number belonging 29.35 

(b) Based on enrollment 24.90 

Cost of books and school supplies, per capita, based on enrollment 

(1903) 1.93 

Average cost of books and school supplies, per capita, for past ten 

years, based on enrollment ' .94 

Colleges and Higher Educational Institutions 

The colleges of Utah are in every sense modern and up-to-date not only in 
equipment and management, but in the character of their graduates they invite 
comparison with any other part of the World. 



EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. 25 

The University of Utah, the State's pioneer institution of learning of 
higher grade, was founded February 28, 1850, a little over two years after the 
pioneers entered the Salt Lake valley. It is located at Salt Lake City and, from 
its splendid station on the east bench, commands a magnificent panoramic view 
of the Great Salt Lake valley. The foundations of this institution were laid in 
the poverty and distress of the early settlers, but they were laid broad enough and 
deep enough for future building upon, and each successive generation has been 
loyally active in adding to it, making possible the present gratifying condition. 
In connection with the university is a State normal school, a State normal 
kindergarten and a State school of mines. The completeness of the equipment 
of these schools has drawn unstinted praise and sincere compliments from edu- 
cators of national repute. Mining is one of the State's principal industries, and it 
seems to be the ambition of the board of regents to make the State school of 
mines the most noteworthy and perfect of its kind in the West. Among the 
courses provided for are science, arts, literature, advanced normal work, mining 
engineering and electrical engineering. The present site of the university and 
allied schools was a gift from Congress. It comprises sixty acres taken from the 
Fort Douglas military reservation. In addition to this the university and the 
State school of mines were granted by the National Government 255,836.15 acres 
of public lands, and it is from the revenues of these grants and the biennial 
appropriations of the State legislature that this institution derives its support. 

A State normal school, a branch of the State university, is located at Cedar 
City, in Iron County. 

The Agricultural College and Experiment Station of Utah is superbly 
situated on the brow of a bold and picturesque hill, at Logan, in the beautiful 
and rich valley of Cache, and is about one hundred miles north of Salt Lake 
City. This also is one of the State's chief educational institutions. It enjoys 
a public land grant of 200,000 acres, and is further supported by appropriations 
from the State and National government. The college comprises six different 
schools, besides an agricultural experiment ■ station. Courses therein embrace 
agriculture, domestic science and arts, engineering, commerce, general science and 
a school of manual training. These schools embrace eight baccalaureate courses, 
each extending through four years; three certificate or high school courses, each 
extending through three years; two manual training courses, extending through 
three and four years, and three winter courses — agriculture, domestic arts and 
mechanic arts. 

Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute. — An institution of the State which 
attracts a great deal of sympathy and which is worthy every possible encourage- 
ment is the State school for the deaf and dumb and the blind. This school, 
supported by State appropriations, is located at Ogden, Utah, and enjoys the 
distinction of being a model institution of its kind. There is also a State reform 
or industrial school at Ogden. 

The Latter-Day Saints, or Mormons, have two universities, one college and 
several stake academies in Utah, where, besides the peculiar tenets of their faith, 
are taught all the general .branches or courses common to similar institutions 
throughout the land. 

The Brigham Young University, at Provo, Utah, is the pioneer Mormon 
school in Utah. It was founded in earty days and richly endowed by the leader 
and pioneer whose name it bears, and from the start it has been a most popular 
institution. There is a branch of the Brigham Young University of Provo at 
Beaver, in the southern part of the State. 

Logan, Utah, is the home of the Brigham Young College, an institution 
that had its birth in the generosity of the Mormon leader, and of which the State 



26 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

is justly proud. This institution he endowed with close on 10,000 acres of land in 
Cache valley. 

The Lattee-Day Saints Univeesity, Salt Lake City, is another church 
institution of great popularity. The buildings of this university are just across 
the street east from the famous Temple, and, when they are completed, it is 
intended they will form one of the most charming architectural groups in the 
West. There is a splendidly equipped business college in connection with this 
university, which is attended by a great many outside the Mormon church. 

In the Weber Stake Academy, Ogden, Utah, has one of the principal church 
schools. The Snow Academy, at Ephraim, Utah; the Emery Stake Academy, at 
Castle Gate, and the Uintah Stake Academy, at Vernal, complete the list of 
larger Mormon schools in Utah. All of these are in nourishing condition. 

There are other church schools in Utah belonging to the Catholics and the 
various protestant denominations, which shed luster on this State, and which 
will be found mentioned in connection with the churches by which they are 
controlled. 

Art Institute 

The Art Institute is a State institution for the encouragement of the fine 
arts, and involves, according to law, "An annual art exhibit, a State art collection, 
and a course of public lectures on art." 

This is one of the public institutions of the State for which appropriations are 
made biennially by the legislature. And although only in its infancy it has held 
four annual exhibits, awarded cash prizes and medals for the best productions in 
the various branches of fine arts, and in other ways has done much to encourage 
artists and the study, both privately and in the public schools. 

Churches 

Chuech of Jesus Cheist of Lattee-Day Saints. — Numerically member- 
ship in the Mormon Church, or Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 
exceeds that of all the other denominations in Utah combined. The value of 
its ecclesiastical holdings of property and buildings is infinitely greater than 
that of all other religious organizations in the State together. 

For its purposes the Mormon Church has divided the State into what are 
called "stakes," and "wards" and "teachers'' districts" and "blocks." As a rule 
a "stake" is usually the same territory as that of a county, though it sometimes 
occurs that there are several stakes in a county, and sometimes more than one 
county in a stake. Also, the church ward usually equals the municipal ward, 
though at times there may be several church wards in a municipal one, or more 
than one municipal ward in a church one. Each stake is presided over by a 
president of that stake and two counsellors. Each ward is controlled ecclesias- 
tically by a bishop and two counsellors. In each ward also are teachers and 
deacons, the former having districts within each ward assigned them for periodical 
visits to inquire into the spiritual condition of church members. The duty of 
deacons is to care for places of public worship. 

In each stake are a president and counselors of Sunday schools, with corre- 
sponding officers for each ward in the stake. The same is true of Female Relief 
societies, organizations specially designed for the investigation and amelioration 
of cases requiring charity. A similar organization exists as to the Young Men's 
Mutual Improvement and the Young Ladies' Mutual Improvement Associations, 
for each of which there are stake presidents and counselors and lesser officers 
for the several wards in each stake. 



EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. 



27 



There is a Council of High Priests for each stake, before whom all cases of 
dissension between members of the church are tried and decided, after having 
first been submitted to the teachers, bishops and counselors of each ward and 
failing of satisfactory settlement there. From the High Council of each stake, 
each member has the right of appeal to the highest authority of the church. 

Over all these are general officers who control all the organizations named for 
the several stakes. These are known as the general officers of the various or- 
ganizations stated and sub- 
ject to them are all the lesser 
organizations of the church 
throughout the world, as re- 
lates to the interests placed 
specially under their care. 

Over all the church inter- 
ests throughout the world 
are the president of the 
church and his two coun- 
selors. Next come the twelve 
apostles. Then the seven 
first presidents of the Seven- 
ties' quorum. Then are the 
elders' quorums. Practically 
every male member of the 
church who is not a deacon 
is either a seventy or an 
elder, and there are subdivis- 
ions of the seventies' and el- 
ders' organizations that sub- 
stantially correspond with 
the subdivisions already 
named as to other bodies of 
this church. 

There is a presiding bish- 
op and two counselors for all 
the church, and these control 
all the lesser bishops of the 
entire church organization 
throughout the world. 

Beyond all question some 
of the most magnificent struc- 
tures in the whole western part of America are those of the Mormon Church. This 
is notably true of the Salt Lake Temple and the great Tabernacle. 

Each stake has a large stake building at which quarterly conferences of all 
the members in that stake are held. In each ward periodical conferences are held, 
and semi-annually, about the 6th of April and the 6th of October each year, a 
general conference of all members of the church for the world is held in Salt 
Lake City, though its holding there is a matter of convenience and is in no sense 
enjoined. 

There are four Mormon temples in Utah, the most imposing and costly being 
that at Salt Lake City. The others are at Logan, in Cache County: Manti, in 
San Pete County, and St. George, in Washington County. 

Catholic Church and Institutions. — Rev. E. Kelly was appointed the first 
resident pastor of the entire territory of Utah for the Catholic Church. During 




JOSEPH F. SMITH 
President Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 



28 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 




EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. 



29 



The original build- 



his pastoral charge, Father Kelly purchased the site on which the first Catholic 
Church, now used as a pro-cathedral, was erected. Later Eev. P. Walsh was sent 
from California to take charge of the parish. He built the present church on Sec- 
ond East Street. In August, 1873, Father Walsh was succeeded by Eev. Lawrence 
Scanlan, the present bishop of the 
Diocese of Salt Lake. 

In 1875 Father Scanlan found- 
ed St. Mary's Academy on Second 
West Street. 
ing, which has 



since been more 
than doubled in its capacity, is a 
three-story brick building, stone 
basement, surrounded by spacious 
grounds. In this building school 
was opened September 6, 1875, by 
the Sisters of the Holy Cross. 

On the arrival of the Sisters of 
the Holy Cross to take charge of 
St. Mary's Academy, and before 
opening school, Father Scanlan 
was petitioned by prominent min- 
ing men to establish a hospital 
for the benefit of miners and men 
working in the smelters. The re- 
sult of a conference between 
Father Scanlan, Marcus Daly 
(then in charge of mines at Ophir). 
Fred Meyer, a prominent smelter- 
man of Sandy, and other mining 
men, was the renting of a build- 
ing. In this building two Sisters 
of the Holy Cross began their 
work of charity November 26, 
1875. After two years, the rented 
building was too small. To meet 
the increasing demands in 1880 
the ten-acre block in Salt Lake 
City, on which the present hos- 
pital of the Holy Cross stands, 
was purchased, and the building 
of a new hospital commenced the 
.same year. The new building 
was completed and ready for oc- 
cupancy in 1882. In 1902 a new 
wing was added. 

All Hallows College, which 
stands on the corner of Second South and Fourth East Streets, is another promi- 
nent Catholic, institution. It was built in 1885, and in September, 1886, was 
opened as a boarding and day school. During the past eighteen years it has been 
one of the leading educational institutions of the intermountain States. In No- 
vember of 1886 the news of Father Scanlan's appointment as bishop of Salt Lake 
was cabled from Rome. 

Bishop Scanlan, that he might attend to founding other needed institutions 




THE CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL 



30 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

in his larger field of labor, in June, 1899, transferred All Hallows College to the 
Marest Fathers. After this Bishop Scanlan directed all his energies to the found- 
ing of an orphan asylum. In 1892 the residence which he occupied for three 
years at the corner of First South and Third East Streets was used for that pur- 
pose, and was known as St. Ann's Orphanage. The sympathy shown for the 
orphans materialized when Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Kearns gave $50,000 for the 
erection of an orphans' home. The new building is known as "Kearns' St. Ann's 
Orphanage." Six years before his death Patrick Phelan willed all his property, 
personal and real estate, for the support of the orphans. On the income of this 
property, Kearns' St. Ann's Orphanage now mainly depends for its support. 

A home for aged and feeble miners, erected by Mrs. Mary Judge, will be placed 
under the direction and management of Bishop Scanlan, when completed. 

This, with the new cathedral which is now being built, and which will be the 
finest and most substantial Catholic edifice in the West, occupying as it does per- 
haps the most desirable site in Salt Lake City, gives the Catholics in Salt Lake 
the most numerous educational and charitable institutions in the city outside of 
the Mormon Church. 

Ogden has a new church which was opened for service in November, 1902. 
The first church was erected in 1876. The following year the Sacred Heart 
Academy was commenced and school opened in September, 1878. The old Sacred 
Heart Academy, which was used as a boarding and day school for fourteen years, 
was replaced in 1892 by a new substantial brick building. 

Park City, the great silver mining camp of Utah, has a fine rock church edifice 
and day school for boys and girls. The first church was erected in 1880. This 
was burned in 1884, together with the school and pastoral residence, but all were 
replaced the same year by the present substantial buildings. 

In Eureka, another rich mining camp of the State, a church was built in 1885. 
In 1891 a school was built. This school, conducted by the sisters of the Holy 
Cross, was opened in September of the same year. 

Castle Gate, a coal camp on the Eio Grande Western Railway, has a church 
and resident priest. 

Briefly summarized, since Bishop Scanlan took charge of Catholic interests in 
Utah in 1873, under his guidance and immediate supervision, twelve churches 
have been built. He was the founder of four hospitals, two academies for young 
lady boarders, one college, seven parochial schools, one orphanage, and a home for 
aged miners. In all his works he was encouraged and often substantially aided by 
all classes, whilst his conservative and prudent course has won for him the esteem 
and good will of all who know him. 

The Pbesbyterian Chuech in Utah. — Rev. Henry Kendall, D. D., secre- 
tary of the board of home missions, in 1864 preached the first sermon in Salt Lake 
City that was preached by any representative of the Presbyterian Church. Rev. 
Sheldon Jackson, D. D., Synodical Missionary, landed at Corinne in June, 1869. 
Regular religious services were commenced on the 13th of June, and on the 14th 
day of July, 1870, the first Presbyterian church was organized in Utah. 

The First Presbyterian Church of Salt Lake City was organized November 
12, 1871. Later churches were organized at American Fork, Pleasant Grove, 
Ogden, Kaysville, Logan, Smithfield, Hyrum, Springville, Spanish Fork, Mt. 
Pleasant, Ephraim, Manti, Salina, Richfield, Parowan, 'Nephi, Payson, Benjamin, 
Central Park in Ogden, Brigham and Collinston. The Westminster and Third 
Churches in Salt Lake City have been added to the above list. Presb}^terians now 
have twenty-seven churches in Utah. 

Educational work, under the care of the Presbyterian Church, was commenced 
in Salt Lake City by Prof. J. M. Coyner April 12th, 1875. That beginning has 



EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. 



31 



developed into the present Salt Lake Collegiate Institute. A few weeks later 
another school was opened at Mt. Pleasant, and is now the Wasatch Academy. 
Later another school was opened at Logan, which has now become the New 
Jersey Academy. The school that was organized at Springville has grown into the 
Hungerford Academy. The Presbyterian Church has now these four academies, 
educating about 500 pupils and fitting for college those that wish to pursue ad- 
vanced studies. This educational work has been recently crowned by the founding 
in Salt Lake City of the Westminster College, by Eev. Sheldon Jackson, D. D. 
This institution is now prepared to take the graduates of the four above mentioned 
academies and give them a college course. 




FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH - SALT LAKE CITY 



Protestant Episcopal. Church. — The Protestant Episcopal Church was 
planted in Utah in A. D. 1867 by Bishop Tuttle. In 1888 the Et. Rev. Abiel 
Leonard became bishop. He died in December, 1903, and the see is now vacant. 

St. Mark's Cathedral, in Salt Lake City, was built by Bishop Tuttle in 1870. 
The Very Eev. James B. Eddie has been dean since Easter, 1900. The parish 
possesses senior and junior branches of St. Andrew's Brotherhood and the Daugh- 
ters of the King, and a flourishing Sunday school. St. Paul's Church, on Main 
Street, was built as a memorial about twenty years ago, and is under the care of 
the Eev. Charles E. Perkins. There are also two missions, St. Peter's, in the 
northwestern, and St. John's, in the southeastern, part of the city. 

St. Mark's Hospital was organized in 1869 as the first hospital in the inter- 
mountain country. From the first it was well received. There are eighteen 
doctors on the staff, and a training school for nurses. It will accommodate about 
one hundred and fifty patients, and cares for over 1,600 a year. The work is 



32 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

entirely supported by the earnings, and from what would be the profits, the chari- 
table work is done. About four-fifths of the work is surgical. 

Eowland Hall, the church boarding and day school for girls, was established 
in 1881. There are about 150 students. The certificate of the school admits to 
Smith and Wellesley Colleges. 

In Ogden, the Church of the Good Shepherd is under the charge of the Eev. 
Alfred Brown, and has an efficient guild and a branch of the Daughters of the 
King. The church has missions at Provo, Springville, Plain City, Layton, Vernal 
and Logan, all being agricultural settlements, also at Park City and Eureka, 
mining camps. There is a missionary, Eev. M. J. Hersey, at Leland, Utah, who 
works chiefly among the Indians on the Ouray Eeservation, occasionally giving 
a service at White Eocks on the Uintah Eeservation. 

The Methodist Chukch. — Methodism was introduced into Utah in Decem- 
ber, 1869, by Eev. Lewis Hartsough. He continued in office until the summer 
of 1870, when Eev. G. M. Pierce became his successor and had charge of the 
work until 1876, when the mission was organized into a conference. In 1880 it 
was again made a mission, and in 1882 Eev. T. C. Iliff was made Superintendent, 
and this position he occupied until 1901. J. L. Leilich was then appointed and 
continued until December, 1903, and the position is now filled by Eev. H. J. 
Talbott. 

The first church edifice was erected in Corinne in 1870. First Church, Salt 
Lake City, was begun in 1871. Methodism now has in Utah forty preaching 
places under the care of twenty-three pastors, with twenty-one church buildings 
and sixteen parsonages. The Woman's Home Missionary Society has eleven dea- 
conesses, missionaries and teachers at work in the State, with five mission schools 
in operation. 

There are five churches in Salt Lake City under the care of as many pastors. 
In addition to the English churches, there are thirteen places in which the Scan- 
dinavian languages are used. 

Unitarian Society of Salt Lake City. — In November, 1890, the Eev. Sam- 
uel A. Eliot inaugurated a series of services, afterwards continued for several 
weeks by the Eev. T. B. Forbush, in the Salt Lake Theater. A permanent or- 
ganization was effected February 24th, 1891, and the Eev. David Utter was called 
to the pastorate. In November, 1894, Mr. Utter resigned, and was succeeded by 
the Eev. Stanley M. Hunter, who acted as pastor until the end of June, 1895. 
The Eev. Adelbert L. Hudson was then called. The Ladies' Society — the so- 
called "Unity Circle" — was organized. A Sunday school was built up, a Sunday 
school library of 500 volumes being purchased. After Mr. Hudson's departure 
at the end of 1897, the members in attendance declined, and by the close of 1899 
meetings were entirely suspended. In the winter of 1901 the Eev. P. I. Thatcher 
came from Boston to see if the society could not be reorganized. A reorganization 
was effected and Mr. Thatcher was engaged as the regular minister of the society. 
Mr. Thatcher resigned in December, 1902, but was immediately succeeded by the 
Eev. William H. Fish, Jr. It was decided to undertake the erection of a building. 
Subscriptions were solicited, a non-interest bearing loan was secured, a building lot 
purchased, and a building completed November, 1903, at a cost of nearly $16,000, 
including the lot. 

Christian" Scientists. — Christian Science work in Utah was begun in Salt 
Lake City in the year 1888. In 1889 Mrs. Laura Lathrop, of New York City, 
visited Salt Lake and taught two classes in Christian Science. In 1890 Mrs. M. A. 
Bagley, of Montrose, Colorado, located here, and the next year, August, 1891, 
organized the first Christian Science Church in Utah. 

In 1898 the church purchased a lot and erected the present church edifice, 



EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. 33 

which is worth about $35,000. The church has 400 members with a congregation 
of about six hundred. The Sunday school has eighteen teachers and about one 
hundred and forty children under fifteen years enrolled. 

Christian Science work in Ogden was organized in May, 1892. It now has 
sixty-two members, with a congregation of about one hundred. It owns its 
church property, which is valued at $35,000, and is free from debt. 

There are Science services in six other towns, as follows: Provo, Park City, 
Mercur, Milford, Vernal and Springville, and there are one hundred practitioners 
of Christian Science in the State. 

Baptist Church. — Baptist work began in Utah in 1880, by the organization 
of a Sunday school in Ogden by H. A. Lindley. In 1881 a church was organized 
there by Dr. Dwight Spencer. Soon after, Dr. Spencer organized the First Baptist 
Church of Salt Lake City. There are now eight churches with 806 members. 
The churches are as follows: Bear River Valley; Ogden, O. C. Wright, pastor; 
Salt Lake City, First, D. A. Brown, pastor; East Side, Frank Barnett, pastor; 
Calvary, C. O. Boothe, pastor; and there are churches at Murray, Provo and 
Springville. 

There is one mission in Ogden and two in Salt Lake City owning good prop- 
erties. In addition there are regular preaching stations as follows: Thistle, 
Eureka, Price, Helper, Castle Gate and Scofield. Baptists own church property 
to the amount of $80,000, on which there is only $1,500 mortgage indebtedness. 
The Woman's Baptist Home Mission Society of the West sent missionaries at an 
early date and now supports seven in Utah. The Baptists are now spending 
$15,000 per year in evangelistic work in Utah. 

The Central Christian Church. — This church was organized in April, 
A. D. 1890, in Salt Lake City, Utah. In June of the same year Elder W. F. Cow- 
den, superintendent of Missions for Disciples of Christ, came here and preached 
for the church until August of that year. The American Christian Missionary 
Board -selected and sent to this work October 1, 1890, Eev. B. F. Clay, who began 
his pastorate in October, 1890. 

During the spring of 1892 a lot was purchased on the corner of Fourth South 
and Third East Streets. On July 1, 1893, the erection of a church was com- 
menced which was completed that year, as was also an eight-room two-story brick 
parsonage on the north end of the lot. 

The present membership is about 240, with Brother W. H. Bagly in charge. 
The value of the real estate, church and parsonage is now about $20,000, with an 
indebtedness to the church extension board of a little over $4,000. 

Eeorganized Church of Latter-Day Saints. — The Reorganized Church of 
Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints has been represented in Utah since 1863. There 
have been many branches or local organizations of that church in different parts 
of the territory and State since then, but a tendency to emigrate from Utah east- 
ward as soon as embracing this faith has always kept their local membership down 
to a small figure. At present they have branches and church buildings at the 
following places: Salt Lake City, church building 228 East Second South Street; 
Ogden, church building, 1501 Washington Avenue; Provo, church building. 214 
West Fourth South Street: Pleasant Grove; Union Fort Branch meets at the 
private residence of James Wardle; meetings are also held at West Jordan. 

Utah forms a part of what is known as "The Rocky Mountain Mission." 

The Congregational Church. — This church is an important one in Utah. 
It has congregations and church property in various parts of the State, chiefly in 
Salt Lake City, Ogden, Logan, Provo and Brigham. 

The Lutheran Churches — English, Swedish and German — are well repre- 
sented in Utah. They have some valuable church real estate. The English 



34 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Lutherans have a very pretty little church and parsonage centrally located in Salt 
Lake City, and the same can be said of the Swedish and German Lutherans, who 
have a church between them. Outside of this city these churches have congre- 
gations in some of the State's principal cities and mining camps. 

The Seventh-Day Adventists are also in Utah. In Salt Lake City they 
have just completed a new chapel, where services are held every Saturday morning. 
This church controls also a pure food depot in Salt Lake, and it has branches in 
Ogden, Provo, Springville and in other sections of the State. 

The Salvation Army is fixed in Salt Lake City and other populous centers, 
and is prominent in charitable movements. 

Young Men's Christian Association. — The Salt Lake City Young Men's 
Christian Association was organized in May, 1890. It has a building under con- 
struction for its permanent home on the corner of State and First South Streets. 
It will cover a lot 91x129^ feet. The* building will be of gray stone and red 
brick and fire proofed throughout, and is to cost $93,000, exclusive of site, which 
is one of the choicest in the city. 

The funds for the enterprise have been provided by private subscription. Pro- 
vision is made for all the features of Y. M. C. A. work, particular attention hav- 
ing been given to the educational and physical equipment. Plans are being com- 
pleted for the launching of a complete night school upon the opening of the 
building. Three separate bath and locker rooms are provided, each opening into 
a magnificent swimming pool. The gymnasium is to be large, airy and well 
ventilated. Its equipment will be first-class, and includes an auditorium that will 
seat 500. Separate and complete quarters for the Boys' Club have an entrance on 
First South Street, the main entrance being from State Street. Living rooms for 
seventy-five young men are to be provided, in accordance with the most approved 
Y. M. C. A. arrangement. 

Jewish Churches. — There are two Jewish synagogues in this city, one repre- 
senting the reform and the other the orthodox wing of the Jewish religion. The 
name of the former is Congregation Bnai-Israel, and that of the latter Congrega- 
tion Montefiore. The membership is over ninety, and the congregation is in good 
circumstances. Information regarding Congregation Montefiore may be had from 
Mr. William M. Levy, president of same, No. 266 State Street. 

« 

Charities 

Utah is rich in charities. For its own people the Church of Jesus Christ of 
Latter-Day Saints has divided the State into "stakes," and again subdivided these 
stakes into ecclesiastical wards, each of which is presided over by a bishop with 
two counselors. It is the duty of these presiding bishops to keep in close touch 
with the members of their respective wards and to know the temporal needs of 
all persons in that ward. In this the bishops are assisted by che Teacher's 
Quorum and the Woman's Relief Society, organizations complete in themselves, 
and forming a part of the working machinery of each ward. The teachers form a 
body of male members of the church who make frequent house to house visits, to 
ascertain the spiritual and temporal condition of each individual. In this way the 
indigent are found out and reported to the bishop, who sees that relief is promptly 
forthcoming. 

The Woman's Relief Society is organized into stakes and wards, and their 
especial mission in life is to care for those in need. The ladies of these organiza- 
tions meet together at stated times to discuss and provide ways and means of reach- 
ing the destitute, and, like the teachers, they appoint members to go from house 
to house, investigating the temporal needs and wants of all. Women often find 



EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. 



35 



distress where men could see none, and then, too, they are naturally more efficient 
as ministers to the sick and needy than are the men. They provide, often through 
the medium of sewing circles, clothing and. bedding for those who want; they 
nurse the sick, close the eyes of the dead and pour balm into the hearts of the 
bereaved. 

A unique and interesting feature in the charitable work of the Mormons is the 
fast-day offering. The first Sunday of each month is observed as a fast day 
throughout the church, when all the "saints" congregate in their ward assembly 
halls and donate the food saved by fasting, or its equivalent in cash, to the support 




THE JUDGE MEMORIAL MINERS' HOME 



of the indigent. These donations, or offerings, are taken in charge by the ward 
clerks and afterwards turned over to the bishops, who see to their proper distribu- 
tion among those most urgent in need. 

Salt Lake City has thirty-three ecclesiastical wards. This means that the 
city's poor is looked after by thirty-three bishops, assisted by sixty-six counselors, 
and thirty-three quorums of teachers and thirty-three woman's relief societies. 
The indigent of all classes and creeds, in so far as they will accept, are looked 
after in this way. The only questions considered in this matter is the urgency 
of the appeal, the true temporal condition of the case reported. 

The Catholics of Utah have done much in the cause of charity, and they are 
constantly widening their sphere of usefulness in this respect. This church con- 
trols the Kearn's St. Ann's Orphanage, an institution which is at once one of the 
city's best and most useful ornaments. It is one of the imposing structures of 
"Zion," and was endowed by Senator and Mrs. Thomas Kearns, who gave $50,000 



36 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

to its foundation, and who have since contributed generously to its support. At 
present the orphanage is a home for one hundred and sixty children. The only 
conditions imposed restricting admittance are those of good morals and the need 
of the institution's benefits. 

Another Catholic charity which promises much to the State is the Judge 
Miners' Home and Hospital. This magnificent institution is most grandly situ- 
ated on the east bench, overlooking Salt Lake City and the entire valley. It was 
built to perpetuate the memory of the late John Judge, one of Utah's most suc- 
cessful miners, by his wife, Mrs. Mary Judge, at a cost in excess of $100,000, and 
it will largely be supported by her munificence. 

The Children's Aid and Home-Finding Association of Utah is a non-partisan 
and non-sectarian organization, whose object is the providing of family homes for 
homeless children. The association is incorporated under the laws of Utah, and 
its mission is "to protect children from cruelty, and to provide for the care and 
control of neglected and dependent children; to maintain one or more institutions 
or receiving homes for the temporary care of such children as may come under the 
supervision of the association; to secure family homes for homeless children, and 
to look after and protect their interests in such homes, etc." At present the asso- 
ciation maintains one receiving home, and is under the superintendence of Mrs. 
V. A. Stickney. The association is supported entirely by public charity. 

In addition to this there are St. Mary's, St. Mark's and Latter-Day Saints 
Hospitals, all situated in Salt Lake City, and all more or less supported by aid 
of charity. 

It is needless to state that the Salvation Army in several Utah towns, as else- 
where, does much for the amelioration of many otherwise practically outside any 
charitable assistance. This does not include the work of charity carried on in 
almost every populous center by fraternal and similar organizations throughout 
the State. Many of the churches conduct charitable work at other points than Salt 
Lake, reference to which is made under the article on churches. 

Mental Hospital 

The State Mental Hospital is at Provo, Utah. It snuggles close to the hills 
and occupies one of the most restful and charming spots to be found in the 
Eockies. This institution is modern and up-to-date. The hospital has in the 
neighborhood of three hundred patients, some ninety per cent, of whom are pleas- 
antly employed about the grounds. A list of things made in the wards includes 
such items as aprons, bed ticks, curtains, underwear, dresses, sun bonnets, etc., 
and in glancing over the list of farm products raised and consumed in one year, 
such items as the following are found: Watermelons and cantaloupes, 1,000 
tons; apples, 250 bushels; cabbage, 9,600 pounds; strawberries, 2,000 quarts, etc. 
The institution is maintained by State appropriation. 

Clubs and Societies — Fraternal and Otherwise 

In Utah there are clubs, associations and fraternal orders practically without 
number, devoted to almost every conceivable purpose. Almost every fraternal 
and labor organization in the Nation is represented in this State. Woman's clubs 
and men's clubs; clubs literary and political; clubs for pleasure, and clubs or 
organizations devoted to work and the advancement of the State, and clubs that 
have succeeded in combining both pleasure and work to a high and pleasing 



EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. 



37 



degree. The following list is compiled merely for the purpose of furnishing ad- 
dresses for those who are desirous of communicating with the leading clubs: 

The Alta Club, the oldest social club in Salt Lake City, owns a magnificent 
gray stone club house on the corner of State and South Temple streets. Its 
membership numbers many of the State's financial, social and political leaders. 

The Commercial Club, Commercial Club Building, Salt Lake City, an organiza- 
tion of representative business men who meet socially and seek fundamentally to 




A GLIMPSE OF FORT DOUGLAS, SALT LAKE CITY 



advance the material interests of this great inter-mountain country, with special 
reference to Salt Lake City. 

The Country Club, whose beautiful homelike surroundings are found on the 
southeast bench of Salt Lake City, 945 East Eleventh South Street. Here are 
golf links, tennis courts, and other features conducive to the social pleasures 
of its members. 

The University Club, Salt Lake City, is now occupying its new home, one of 
the handsomest club buildings to be found in the West. 

The Weber Club, Ogden, Utah, a strong organization of the leading social, 
business and political men of Utah's second city. 

The Commercial Club, of Provo, has for its existence the same objects as 
control its namesake of Salt Lake City. 



THE 



MOUNTAIN EMPIRE 



— UTAH. 







Scenic Attractions — Resorts 

^TAH is the panoramic State of the Union, the treasure house of 
nature, the wonderland of the world. 

Here mountains wear their diadems of glittering snow the year 
■round, and near their tops are crystal lakes alive with trout and 
fringed with trees, hemmed in by precipitous cliffs on one side 
and rolling meadows on the other. In the ages long smce dead 
these rugged mountains were tortured, twisted and rent until 
their frowning faces became seamed with deep gorges and canyons in which, 
to-day, are found thousands of little nooks and dells where people go in summer 
to rest from the turbulent world and its torrid heat, and, forgetting their cares and 
anxieties, renew their friendship with nature. Romance dwells in these moun- 
tains. The rocks and trees, the dizzy, awe-inspiring cliffs where eagles build their 
clinging nests; the grass carpeted retreats where summering parties pitch their 
tents along the noisy mountain streams rushing on their ways to the valleys and 
farms below; the natural table lands standing thousands of feet above the sea, 
gorgeously clothed with wild grasses and flowers; the narrow trails leading, now 
through obscuring patches of grass or dense timbers, now along the bald face of 
some giant precipice commanding distant views of civilization's outposts; the 
call of birds for their mates, the occasional bleat of mountain sheep and low of 
gentle cattle, the scream of eagle by day and the hoot of owl by night — all these 
combine to make attractive the natural retreats of this State. 

An hour's drive from almost any city in Utah will bring one in close touch 
with mountain scenery as bewitchingly enchanting, or as grand and awe-inspiring 
as any in the old world. Ogden Canyon, Provo Canyon, tjie Cottonwood Canyons, 
Parley's Emigration, American Fork and Logan Canyons are rich beyond concep- 
tion in scenic attractions, and scores of summer resorts in these and other canyons 
of the State are simply unsurpassed in those features conducing to the rest, the 
health, the happiness and the uplifting of the race. 

Utah, mountain-walled, lake-begemmed, stream and river laced, is the pleasure 
and health seeker's paradise. No where are skies of deeper blue. No country has 
greater charms or more varied attractions; nowhere is nature more lavish in her 
blessings to man, or more beautiful to look upon than here, where crags and 
peaks push their caps of eternal snow into the skies, where hill and dale, valley 
and vale, teem with agricultural and mineral wealth, and where cities, towns and 
hamlets, as beautiful as dreamland and pulsating with energy derived from the 
best mountain climate on earth, snuggle in the laps of hills, in bowers of vines and 
fruit trees. Go north, go south, east or west in this State and at every turn, you 
will find one of nature's scenic triumphs, one or more of her great masterpieces. 
England has nothing like them. Switzerland, with her famed Alps, mirrored in 
bewitching lakes, cannot stand comparison with Utah in scenic attractiveness. 
The dreary valleys of the Nile were never as entrancing as those of the Jordan in 
Utah, and no country drained by Danube, Rhine, Elbe or Spree was ever blessed 
with so many of nature's riches as the valleys of Cache, Utah, Salt Lake and Weber. 

Some Mountain Resorts 

Park City, Utah's most famous mining camp, should not be overlooked by the 
tourist. From Salt Lake City the shortest route is via Parley's Canyon, which is 



40 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



traversed by the Park City Branch of the Eio Grande Western Kailway, passing 
such mountain retreats and resorts as "Pharaoh's Glen/ 7 a shady nook on a trout- 
filled stream ten miles from Salt Lake City; "The Old Arm Chair/' three miles 
farther on from "Pharaoh's Glen" and in the very fastnesses of the great Wasatch 
range. Here are 100 acres of cool, shady groves and miles of winding woodland 
lanes. "Mountain Dell/' "Felt's Resort/' "Half-way House/' "Barclay/' "Gor- 
gorza" — all mountain retreats — and then Park City, the home of the Ontario, the 
mine which has paid more dividends than any silver-lead mine in the Rocky 
Mountains. Here also are the Silver King and Daly West mines, all in a prosper- 




BRIGHTON-A SUMMER RESORT NEAR SALT LAKE CITY 



ous, mountain-walled city of cheerful and well cared for homes, schools, churches 
and hotels. 

Some nine miles from Park City and 9,000 feet above sea level is "Brighton's," 
a delightful resort in the tops of the mountains surrounding "Silver Lake." Near 
by are "Lake Mary" and "Lake Blanche." Accommodations here include a good 
hotel and cottages for rent. Saddle horses and burros may be hired, and hunting, 
fishing and mountain climbing indulged in to the heart's content. From "Brigh- 
ton's" one may reach Salt Lake City through Big Cottonwood Canyon, which is 
one of the most grandly picturesque in the world, and which furnishes a number 
of superb camping sites for those who have the time and inclination to "live by 
the way." 

But from Park City there are other interesting routes by which we may return 



SCENIC ATTRACTIONS— RESORTS. 



41 




42 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

to Salt Lake City, and one of the most pleasing of them is by stage, horseback 
or bicycle, as one may elect, over a fine road with a heavy down grade to Heber 
City, a distance of about fifteen miles. 

Heber City is an Arcadian village in one of the most picturesque valleys in the 
world. Three miles farther on is Midway, where is located the famous "Hot 
Pots," where there is a comfortable bathing establishment. Here also is a good 
hotel, dancing pavilion, etc. From Midway the route is by rail through the 
celebrated Provo Canyon (than which none is more beautiful) to Provo City, by 
the shore of Utah Lake, and then up the valley of the Jordan. The railroad 
follows the windings of the Provo Eiver from Heber City to i + s mouth, and in 
doing so passes many charming nooks and camping sites, under frowning peaks 
and along sides of crystal pools abounding in speckled trout as toothsome and 
gamey as were ever caught. The "Bridal Veil Falls" in Provo Canyon are passed 
on this trip, as are also "The Forks," one of the most popular resorts in the 
country. Then follow "The Falls," below "Bridal Veil Falls" and eleven miles 
from Provo, said to be the most beautiful spot in the canyon, and "Carter's," 
where one may fish and take trout dinners in a country hotel that is celebrated 
for them; and many other places where to linger in the summer time is nothing 
if not joy. 

Emerging from Provo Canyon we are on the shores of Utah Lake — Utah's 
Sea of Galilee — where it must ever be a pleasure to live. Fishing, yachting, 
swimming, boating — these are among the sports and pastimes to engage the atten- 
tion. We are now forty-seven miles south of Salt Lake City, to reach which we 
traverse valleys whose actual wealth seems fabulous and which are threaded by the 
Jordan as it unites Utah's Gallilee to Utah's Dead Sea. 

Another famed mountain retreat is "Wasatch," high up in the granite hills 
of Little Cottonwood, some eighteen miles from Salt Lake City. In the summer 
time the trip to this spot is a splendid drive, and one that is greatly in favor with 
prominent families of Salt Lake City. It was in this canyon the rock for the 
famous Salt Lake Temple was quarried. From Wasatch there is a train road to 
Alta, an old and rejuvenated mining camp, with an elevation of 9,000 feet. A 
three-mile tramp from Alta will bring one to "Brighton's," passing the bewitching 
lakes previously spoken of. 

Prominent among the attractions in suburban Salt Lake City is Fort Douglas, 
at the foot of Red Butte, kept fresh and delightful by the waters from Red Butte 
Canyon. This is a full regimental post, and was founded by General Patrick 
Edward Connor in 1862, now being extensively bettered. The fort is grandly 
situated, and should be visited if for no other reason than the view it commands 
of the surrounding country. Salt Lake City, the Great Salt Lake, island dotted 
and shimmering in the distance, the Oquirrh Mountains with their feet bathed in 
the lake which, stretching south, make a dividing wall between Salt Lake and 
Tooele Counties, the silver thread of the Jordan with its verdant fringe, the 
great smelters, towns and villages stretching to the south, the State penitentiary 
and the hoary peaks of the Wasatch — all are stretched out before Fort Douglas, a 
panoramic view as entrancing as the world contains. 

Calder's Park, and the Salt Palace are two suburban pleasure resorts that enjoy 
great popularity during the summer months. These grounds are beautifully laid 
out and the entertainment afforded at these places is exceedingly varied. All these 
attractions are in close touch with the heart of Salt Lake City by electric cars. 
Mention should also be made of Liberty Park — the Tier Garden of Zion — prac- 
tically a gift from Brigham Young to the city. At "Agricultural Park" the State 
Fairs are held each October, when many thousands of the faithful come from all 
points of the compass to attend the great semi-annual conference of the Mormon 
Church. 



SCENIC ATTRACTIONS— RESORTS. 43 

Ogden Canyon, though one of the most romantic and beautiful to be found any- 
where, with its magnificent drive and beautifully retired inns, is almost as widely 
known for its splendid power plant situated at its mouth. This is but a few 
minutes' drive from the city of Ogden and about forty miles from Salt Lake City. 
If you pass the "plant" and follow the bend of the river, you will see how the 
canyon narrows, and you will marvel at its sublime beauty. The roadway is of 
the best and a drive to the "Hermitage," seven miles up the canyon, or the "Oaks," 






w 



A STRING OF BATHERS 

still two miles further, where rest and refreshments may be had, is one of the most 
delightful attractions this State has to offer. Passing still further up, perhaps two 
miles more, the canyon widens out into a charming amphitheater, appropriately 
called Eden Valley, in which happy and prosperous farmers make their homes. 

Great Salt Lake 

Who has not heard of America's Dead Sea — the mystery-shrouded Great Salt 
Lake? Its fame has reached every corner of the civilized world, and its waters, 
clear as crystal, and holding in solution more wealth than the total assessed 
valuation of the whole United States, charm and bewitch tens of thousands of peo- 
ple each year. This is one of Earth's wonders. Think of a sheet of water having 
an area of 2,700 square miles, standing over 4,000 feet above sea level, possessing 
no outlet *yet constantly receiving the flow of four large rivers, and, notwithstand- 
ing the many millions of gallons of fresh water it receives each day in the year, 
remaining the saltiest body of water on the earth to-day. The Atlantic Ocean 
holds 3.5 per cent, of solid material in solution, Salt Lake has 24 per cent, of 
solids. The only other body of water in the world that can compare with this 
lake is the Dead Sea of Palestine, whose restless waves ceaselessly roll over ancient 
Sodom and Gomorrah. This Asiatic Dead Sea contains 23 per cent, of solids 
which includes less salt and soda than Great Salt Lake, but much more magnesia, 
calcium and potassium. 

Hundreds of thousands of tons of salt have been produced on the shores of the 
Dead Sea in Utah by solar evaporation, and a little calculating will demonstrate to 



44 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

the satisfaction of any one that millions, yes billions, of tons of salt are still held in 
solution by this inland sea. The contents of Salt Lake have been estimated at 
1,505,433,600,000 cubic feet, and one-sixth of this, or 16$ per cent., or 250,905,- 
600,000 cubic feet, is salt and sulphides of soda. Seven-eighths of this incom- 
prehensible amount is salt, which weighs eighty pounds to the cubic foot, making 
the total number of pounds of salt in this lake 17,560,339,200,000, or 8,780,169,-. 
600 tons. If we figure the sulphide of soda down, allowing 50 pounds to the cubic 
foot, we find the lake contains 784,080,000 tons of it. 

But as vast and amazing as the above figures are, it is as a health and pleasure 
resort that the Great Salt Lake is famous. No body of water in the world is more 
enchanting or ravishing in its beauty. The islands dotting this inland sea are as 
rich in color as the storied isles of Greece, and the awe-inspiring sunsets are worth 
a journey over seas and across continents to behold. Nowhere is the Great Artist 
of the universe more lavish with his blending and contrasting of colors — colors 
richer and more gorgeous than the wildest fancy of frenzied art can conceive. As 
the sun sinks in the West at the end of each summer's day, all the glories of the 
world past and present are reflected with exaggerated splendor in sky and lake and 
on mountain top. 

But to experience a full measure of the ecstasy of these scenes, one should take 
a plunge into this wonderous water. The bathing is unsurpassed — it is not 
equaled in any clime. It is impossible to sink, so heavily charged is this water 
with solids in solution; and a common sight is to behold men calmly floating on 
their backs, without motion or effort of any kind, some of them smoking their 
cigars with as much comfort and ease as though at home and ipL their own drawing- 
rooms. This water, in which no animal life, visible to the naked eye, is found, 
seems full of life-giving energy. The most delightful sensations are experienced 
while bathing here, and one leaves the water greatly refreshed and invigorated, 
practically encrusted with salt, and marveling that so vast a body of water can 
have a temperature so high — above 80 degrees Fahrenheit all during the bathing 
season. 

Saltair is the principal bathing resort on the lake. It is about twenty-five 
minutes' ride from Salt Lake City, via the Salt Lake and Los Angeles Railway, and 
from an architectural standpoint the Pavilion is the most imposing structure 
devoted to its purpose to be found anywhere. It is Moorish in style, with a great 
central dome like the roof of the famous tabernacle, and covers a perfect dream 
of a dancing floor 140x250 feet in dimensions. It was built over the water upon 
2,500 ten-inch pilings at the end of a pier extending 4,000 feet into the lake, and 
at a cost of $250,000. 

Lagoon. — At Farmington, a charming village some eighteen miles north of 
Salt Lake City, is a noted resort called "The Lagoon." It is reached by the 
Oregon Short Line; but is owned by the Salt Lake & Ogden Railway, which line 
in the summer months makes frequent trips between that delightful spot and 
Salt Lake City. It is planned during the present year to extend the line from 
Farmington on to Ogden, to change the motive power from steam to electricity, 
equip it with the most perfect cars made and give an hourly service between Salt 
Lake and Ogden, thus affording ready and frequent access to and from the resort 
for both those cities. The ride between Salt Lake City and the Lagoon is through 
the garden spot of the West, so ideally rural, so restful, so serenely beautiful that 
it may be doubted if its equal is to be found. 

Mineral Springs. — Utah also abounds in mineral springs of widely varying 
thermic conditions. Perhaps those best known are the "Warm Springs" of north 
Salt Lake City, which have become famed for their medicinal qualities. "Beck's 
Hot Springs" are farther north — beyond the city limits — and here the mineral 



SCENIC ATTRACTIONS— RESORTS. 45 

impregnated waters boil from the living rock. Like the "Warm Springs" these 
are charged in nature's own laboratory with hydro-sulphuric acid gas and are found 
very beneficial in the treatment of all diseases that yield to thermal waters. There 
are ample accommodations at both these places, and waters from the "Hot 
Springs," having a temperature of 110 degrees F., are piped into the heart of Salt 
Lake City, where they may be enjoyed in all kinds of baths, Turkish, plunge or 
private, at the Sanitarium on Third South Street, between Main and West Temple 
Streets. 

The "Utah Hot Springs" are eight miles north of Ogden, on the Oregon Short 
Line and Southern Pacific Railroads, where they are conducted in conjunction 



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LAKE MARY, COTTONWOOD CANYON 

with a good hotel and a bath house ample and modern in scope and convenience. 
Sixty-one miles south of Salt Lake City, amid the crags of Spanish Fork Canyon 
are Castilla Springs, which are claimed to be almost identical in their curative 
properties, with those world famed ones of Baden, Germany. There are other 
medical springs in the State, including the "Hot Pots" of Heber. These are 
natural craters of heated water, and, in connection with the springs mentioned 
above, are destined to make this State one of the great sanitariums of America. 

Climate 

"Old Folks' Day" .is observed in the several communities in Utah without 
respect to any particular day. It is set apart as occasion seems to warrant, and 



46 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

the "old folks" are made guests and everything done that can minister to their 
pleasure and comfort by those younger than themselves and who have that 
reverence for age which is the one superlative mark of a good heart and gentle 
breeding. On these days dancing, foot racing and other sports, generally asso- 
ciated with the pleasures of youth, are indulged in by men and women over 
60, 70 and 80 years of age, and prizes are awarded to the winners, as also for 
other conditions peculiar to age. The sight of these aged ones on such a day 
would satisfy any beholder that the declaration of one person over 70 years of 
age, that every inhabitant of Utah considered it "a duty to live beyond 70 years" 
was not only a purpose in life, but was possible because of all conditions, climatic 
among others. 

The peculiarity of all higher latitudes in the Eocky Mountain regions is the 
absence of that atmospheric humidity which makes heat at lower altitudes unbear- 
able in summer and the cold in winter well nigh unendurable. The evaporation 
from the 2,500 square miles of Great Salt Lake, and of Utah, and other lakes in 
the State, without destroying the bracing and invigorating effect, still tempers the 
aridity to a point that affords absolutely perfect climatic conditions. 

There exists all through Utah that change in seasons so indispensable to the 
highest -sense of seasonable enjoyment and to longevity, of life. In summer, cool 
nights, when blankets are absolutely necessary, may be had by a few minutes or a 
few hours drive from any populous point. At no time in the habited parts of 
the State is there such excessive warmth of summer or cold of winter known 
as in the Eastern or Northern States. The winters are cool and bracing, the 
spring weather mild and pleasant, the summers warm, yet not enervating, and 
the falls are invariably a long stretch of Indian Summer, — the most delightful of 
all seasons, — with a temperature just right for the acceleration of the blood, yet 
not cold enough to cause discomfort. 

The average rainfall in Utah is from 10 to 20 inches. The greater rainfall 
is in the mountains where the moisture condenses more quickly and is heavier 
than in the valleys. 

In 1903 there were 201 cloudless days in Utah; 92 days were partly cloudy, 
and only 72 cloudy days. 

The average mean temperature of the State is 47.3. The annual relative 
humidity is 51 per cent. 

The climatic conditions are ideal to people who enjoy the four seasons tem- 
pered by sunny skies and gentle breezes from mountain tops. 



Financial 




'HAT Utah is destined to assume a high position financially, not 
only as regards the West, but with respect to the nation at large, 
even a superficial acquaintance with the extent and variety of her 
resources will make plain. Any one of several resources would 
be sufficient to win for her wide material recognition and add 
incalculably to the nation's wealth, but when many such are found 
within her borders the assurance of high rank in the nation as a 
wealth producer is an irresistible conclusion. Last year she stood fourth as a pro- 
ducer of precious metals, and the development of these are but in their infancy. 
Her iron deposits are most extensive, and, omitting geographical considerations, 
the most valuable known in the world. Her coal fields are practically limitless 
and inexhaustible. Her hydro- 
carbons are unrivaled on earth, 
both as to extent and quality, 
while the chemic value of the 
minerals held in solution in 
the Great Salt Lake are be- 
yond computation. That these 
may profitably and economic- 
ally be worked, the presence of 
agricultural areas equal to any 
rational demand, gives abun- 
dant assurance. Not one in 
ten thousand of Utah's inhabi- 
tants has any conception of the 
State's resources or of the high 
commercial and financial 
future that awaits her at an 
early date as a result of their 
possession. 

Utah has always occupied a 
financial position to be envied 
by the most prosperous and 
substantial States in the Union. 
Yet not until the depression of 
1893 had she obtained any 
material prominence as to her 
stability, though the credit of 
her people long before then 
had been well established and 
ranked with the very best. 
Utah is perhaps the only State 
in the Union of which can 
be said that, during the panic 

of 1893 and subsequent periods of financial distress, there was not a single bank 
failure; while the proportion of failures among the business houses and other 
industries, as a result of the depressing conditions both East and West, was very 
small indeed. The reputation gained by the absence of bank failures in 1893 




FRANK KNOX 
President and Organizer National Bank of the Republic 



48 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



has been maintained, and it may be safely said that no State in the Union holds 
to-day a general higher credit than that of Utah. 

The development of the banking interests has been rapid of late years, 
especially in districts outside of Salt Lake City. Populated in the main with an 
economical and conservative people it necessarily follows that a bank to be suc- 
cessful must be controlled and officered by men of widely recognized means and 
probity of character. And that such a condition prevails is, with very rare excep- 
tions, an undisputed fact, as is shown by 
the public confidence manifested in these 
institutions. 

So is this true of the larger and more 
widely known wholesale and retail 
.houses. Zion's Co-operative Mercantile 
Institution does a business aggregating 
close on $4,000,000 annually, and has a 
pay roll of $20,000 per month. The job- 
bing trade of Salt Lake City is estimated 
to exceed $35,000,000 annually. Neces- 
sarily, as the leading city of the State, 
the bulk of domestic manufactures are 
centered in Salt Lake, and her banks 
show the trade conditions by the de- 
posits. McCornick & Co. have deposits 
of over $5,000,000, while those of the 
National Bank of the Republic, of which 
Mr. Frank Knox is president, exceed 

$3,ooo;ooo. 

It has been characteristic of the peo- 
ple of Utah to make haste slowly. While 
there is a repugnance to all boom move- 
ments as ephemeral and dangerous, there 
is, nevertheless, a serious desire for as 
rapid a growth as may be consistent with 
safety. Hence it comes that there is a 
steady gain from year to year — in popu- 
lation, wealth, manufactures and values 
generally. This applies to the whole 
State. Perhaps the credit of no State is 
higher when it comes to the loaning of 
outside money on farms and productive property; and it may be doubted if any losses 
are yet to be recorded — values never having gone generally so high on farm proper- 
ties as to give room for a recession that would cause general losses to the mortgagee. 
In mining returns especially Utah stands without a rival. No State in the 
Union has paid so much in return for the money invested in this industry — so 
generally considered hazardous. And this reputation is constantly being aug- 
mented at a ratio which increases with every year. But this subject is treated in 
detail elsewhere. Suffice it to say that while much of the money to develop Utah 
mining properties has been furnished by Utah banks, the returns have helped 
incalculably to swell the holdings of the banks — and each has prospered by the 
other. 

Banks in this State are divided into three classes, Private, National and State. 
The first is not subject to examination, the second is subject to National examina- 
tion, and the third to State inspection. 




W. S. McCORNICK, OF McCORNICK & CO. 



FINANCIAL. 



49 



The total capitalization of the banks of the State amounts to $4,407,893; the 
total resonrces equal $59,311,567.34; the commercial deposits aggregate $27,032,- 
721.92; their savings deposits amount to $7,702,835.78, while they have a surplus 
and undivided profits amounting to $13,491,285.65. 



PRIVATE BANKS 


Capital 

Stock and 

Surplus 


Surplus 

and Undivided 

Profits 


Resources 


Deposits 


McCornick & Co 


$250,000 


$50,000.00 


$5,851,251.84 


$5,108,186.00 





NATIONAL BANKS 


Capital 
Stock 


Surplus 

and Undivided 

Profits 


Resources 


Deposits 


The National Bank of the Republic 

First National, Brigham 


$300,000 

30,000 

50,000 

25,000 

50,000 

150,000 

100,000 

100,000 

50,000 

50,000 

200,000 

500,000 

100,000 


$122,422.00 

2,719.00 

19,429.57 

1,231.22 

106,070.80 

73,245.15 

23,653.73 

29,487.47 

50,264.28 

4,836.17 

25,690.84 

492,641.36 

3,831.75 


$3,726,857.02 

198,186.07 

387,310.51 

63,157.87 

300,949.90 

1,693,303.19 

840,486.31 

661,521.04 

859,183.65 

160,068.97 

1,331,192.04 

3,554,571.49 

563,232.21 


$3,004,434.80 

157,966.10 

305,380.14 

26,926.65 

94,377.12 

1,199,135.31 

650,685.27 

414,969.12 

708,919.37 

48,607.48 

804,982.26 

1,446,374.96 

273,628.48 


First National, Logan 


First National, Murray 


First National, Nephi 

First National, Ogden 


Commercial National, Ogden 


Utah National, Ogden x . 


First National, Park City 


First National, Price 

Commercial National, Salt Lake 

Deseret National, Salt Lake 


Utah National, Salt Lake 





STATE BANKS 



Bank of American Fork 

Bank of Brigham City 

Bank of Heber City 

B. H. Schettler 

Barnes Banking Co 

Davis County Bank 

Deseret Savings Bank 

Hammond Banking Co 

Lehi Commercial and Savings Bank 

Manti City Savings Bank 

Mount Pleasant Commercial and Sav- 
ings Bank 

Ogden Savings Bank 

Ogden State Bank 

Provo Commercial Savings Bank 

Richfield Commercial and Savings Bank 

Springfield Banking Co 

State Bank of Provo 

State Bank of Utah, Salt Lake 

Thatcher Bros. Banking Co. , Logan . . 

Utah Commercial Savings Bank, Salt 
Lake 

Utah Savings and Trust Co. , Salt Lake 

Walker Bros. , Bankers, Salt Lake — 

Wells, Fargo & Co's. Bank, Salt Lake 

Zion's Saving Bank and Trust Co., Salt 
Lake 



Capital 
Stock 



& 40,000 
50,000 
22,893 
5,000 
25,000 
25,000 

100,000 
10,000 
50,000 
50,000 

50,000 

75,000 

100,000 

100,000 

25,000 

50,000 

25,000 

250,000 

150,000 

200,000 
150,000 
200,000 
500,000 

200,000 



Surplus 



I 18,288.43 
11,051.26 

1,723.73 

196.23 

34,946.40 

9,988.59 
97,271.68 

1,935.39 

2,751.99 
33,033.6- 

23,732.67 
25,877.51 
24,597.15 
21,107.07 

4,151.60 
469.96 

3,002.01 
71,807.64 
23,940.97 

13,857.77 

35,650.12 

35,000.00 

11,994,999.10 

48,758.03 



Resources 



; 325,662.78 
255,863.27 
88,891,31 
103,877.03 
165,723.90 
104,106.90 
1,993,562.09 
121,780.30 
173,209.69 
273,370.47 

253,771.88 
763,954.16 
888,919.85 
570,077.78 
106,803.58 
190.916.41 
63,794.68 
1,482,124.77 
750,145.34 

703,061.35 

823,813.98 

1,506,069.00 

23,082,834.10 

3,578,038.04 



Deposits 



> 264,910.29 
186,481.85 

63,054.20 

95,120,25 
103,135.50 

63,574.35 
1,796,290.41 

59,844.91 
116,246.05 
163,403.71 

177,896.23 
650,540.65 
704,185.51 
448,552.92 

76,998.53 
140,366.45 

35,767.67 
779,973.03 
571,405.00 

446,640.62 

617,796.19 

1,243,655.69 

8,615,315.79 

3,315,186.30 



Railroads 




'OR over a third of a century Utah has enjoyed railroad facilities 
east and west, making her the pioneer of all the Far West States 
in this important factor in civilization, as she was the actual 
pioneer in the reclamation of the arid West. Brigham Young 
and the Mormon people not only built, owned and operated the 
first railroad in Utah, the old Utah Central and its extensions 
(now a part of the great Oregon Short Line system), but it was 
entirely due to their efforts and influence that the Pacific railroads were completed 
as early as they were and rail connection between the Missouri River and the coast 
established. Labor was scarce in those days and the Mormon people furnished it. 
They made the grade, cut the ties and delivered them, and laid the rails. The 
Indians through Wyoming and west into Nevada were hostile and resisted the 
encroachments of the steam horse. Brigham Young and the Mormon people, by 
the most pacific measures, neu- 
tralized this hostility from the 
eastern boundaries of Wyo- 
ming to the center of Nevada, 
and the great work of building 
the railroad from east to west 
was pushed, protected and ad- 
vanced by the efforts and influ- 
ence of the Mormons. Mormon 
people not only welcomed the 
advent of the Pacific railroads, 
but they were a decidedly im- 
portant factor in their con- 
struction. To them, too, is 
due the credit of building, 
owning and operating the first 
branch from the main line be- 
tween Omaha and Oakland — 
the old Utah Central above re- 
ferred to. 

It was in 1869 that the 
Utah Central reached Salt 
Lake City. Its line from Og- 
den to Salt Lake is now the in- 
itial point in Utah of the Ore- 
gon Short Line, the continu- 
ation of which from Ogden, 
Utah, to Butte, Montana, was 
projected and partly built by 
John W. Young, oldest living 
son of Brigham Young. It was 
completed into Montana under the direction of, and afterwards operated by, the 
late George W. Thatcher, a son-in-law of Brigham Young. 

The completion of the Utah Central into Salt Lake was only the beginning 
of the work of the Mormons in railroad construction. Within a year active con- 




THE LATE GEORGE W. THATCHER 



RAILROADS. 



51 



struction was in progress on a line of 105 miles to the southward, which had its 
corporate existence under the style of the Utah Southern. Its completion was 
the signal for another advance, and the Utah Southern Extension was built to 
Miiford and Frisco, 137 miles farther. This last piece of railroad construction 
made possible the magnificent development of the great Horn Silver mine at 
Frisco. These latter two extensions are now the nuclei of the great San Pedro 
system, which Senator W. A. Clark of Montana, with his associates, is now build- 
ing, and which, within a year, 
will make Salt Lake City and 
Los Angeles — the City of the 
Saints and the City of the 
Angels — less than twenty- 
four hours apart. 

It is significant of the 
progress made by the Mor- 
mon people in early railroad 
construction that ten years 
after the junction of the 
Union Pacific and Cen- 
tral Pacific Eailroads at 
Terrace, Utah, they had 
built and in operation, a 
north and south line 363 
miles long, extending from 
Franklin, Idaho, almost to 
the southwestern boundary of 
Utah. Three years later, un- 
der stimulus of Union Pacific 
officials, they had added 350 
miles more and extended the 
line into Garrison, Montana. 
By this time a narrow gauge 
line sixteen miles long and 
connecting the mines of 
Bingham with the valley 
smelters had been built by 
non-Mormon capital and 
brains, but up to the advent 
of the Eio Grande Western 
into Utah in 1882, the 
bulk of the railroad mileage in Utah, Idaho and Montana had been built and 
was at that time operated by the Mormon people. With the exception of the 
sixteen miles noted it had all been projected, financed and constructed by 
Brigham Young, John W. Young, John Sharp, George W. Thatcher and W. W. 
Biter, all prominent men in the Mormon Church. 

John W. Young then took up the important work of constructing feeders for 
the main lines in Utah, and successively built the Utah Western to Garfield Beach 
and began work on the Utah Central, which was to run to Park City and the coal 
mines of Grass Creek and the Weber and on to the timber lands of the Uintah 
Mountains. The first is now the main line via the Leamington cut-off of the San 
Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Eailroad, which came into existence in July, 
1903. The Utah Central is now an important branch of the Eio Grande system. 

The building of this latter great system from Colorado into Utah, in 1882, 




W. H. BANCROFT, 
Vice-President and General Manager Oregon Short Line System 



52 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



afforded the State its first railroad competition. No sooner had this line effected 
a terminal at Ogden than it began and has ever since maintained a systematic 
development of the natural resources of Utah. It has opened the greatest coal 
fields in the West and has extended its markets to the coast of Asia. 

The last dozen years have seen the construction in Utah of numerous short 
lines calculated to stimulate the development of the State or to make its resources 
and attractions more easy of access. Among these are the Salt Lake & Los 

Angeles, to Saltair Beach; the 
Salt Lake & Mercur, giving 
traffic accommodations to the 
great cyanide gold camp of 
Mercur; the Salt Lake & Og- 
den, penetrating the rich fruit 
and garden region north of 
Salt Lake; the San Pete Val- 
ley, connecting with the San 
Pedro at Nephi and extending 
into the valley of the same 
name, "The granary of the 
South." 

The railroads of Utah have 
kept fully abreast of the big 
systems of the country in the 
aim for physical perfection 
that has been so marked a 
policy for years past. Grades 
have been improved, the lines 
laid with heavier rail, and new, 
modern equipment substituted. 
Some of the changes designed 
to shorten mileage and reduce 
curves are radical in their ex- 
tent. Chief among these must 
be rated the Ogden-Lucin cut- 
off of the Central Pacific — a 
railroad across the Great Salt 
Lake — by which a saving of 
thirty-three miles and the 
elimination of practically all 
grades was effected. The next in importance was the widening of the gauge of the 
old narrow gauge from Salt Lake to Garfield and the continuation of the line 
around the westerly base of the Oquirrh range to a connection with the old line 
of the San Pedro at Lynn Junction. This is to be the picturesque main line of 
the San Pedro from Salt Lake to Los Angeles, and, skirting the south shore of 
the great lake, as it does, its attractions will be important. Other heavy recon- 
struction and new construction is the big Salina cut-off on the Rio Grande Western 
and the building by the same company of a line through the picturesque canyon of 
the Provo, up to Heber City, in Wasatch County. 

Nor is it alone in the possession of constructed lines that the State is so well pro- 
vided. The limitless natural resources of the region call for more lines, and exigen- 
cies of the great railroad interests of the country demand that additional local and 
through lines be built in and through the State. Of those projected, one, the San 
Pedro, popularly known as the "Salt Lake Road," is now actually operating 520 




I. A. BENTON, 
Passenger Agent Denver & Rio Grande Western R'y. 



RAILROADS. 



53 



miles in Utah and Nevada, and is pushing construction at a rapid rate from its 
present terminus in Nevada and from its eastern terminus in California. Within 
a year the connection will be made and the immediate result will be a twenty-four 
hours' service between Salt Lake and Los Angeles. In addition, the road will open 
an immense mineral and agricultural country through Nevada and southern 
California. 

A projected and partially constructed trans-continental line through Utah is 
the Moffatt Koad, the new short line from Denver to Salt Lake, and what is beyond 
question its continuation, the Western Pacific from Salt Lake to San Francisco. 

The conditions related go to show that while Utah antedated all the mountain 
States in the construction and operation of railroads, the lines now in existence are 
but nuclei of vaster s}^stems. As to the advantages the State offers for the ex- 
ploitation of new lines, the wonderful mineral resources, now undeveloped for 
lack of transportation facilities, would be sufficient to cite. But there are stock, 
sheep and agricultural interests that would also be stimulated by new railroads. 
That Salt Lake City is a natural railroad center and destined to become a great 
railroad center can be demonstrated by a few figures. The total mileage within 
the State is 1875. The total mileage operated from within the State is approxi- 
mately 4,000. On these are running 388 locomotives and 9,523 cars, and the 
lines extend v through Utah, into Colorado, Wyoming, California, Nevada, Idaho, 
Oregon, Washington and Montana, nine of the greatest of the mountain States. 
From Salt Lake City are operated lines that cover the water sheds of the great 
basin, the Colorado Eiver and the Gulf of California, the Columbia Eiver and the 
Pacific, the Missouri Kiver and the Gulf of Mexico. They extend from near the 
tropical to far north of the temperate zone. 



NAME OF COMPANY 



Rio Grande Western Railway Co 

Oregon Short Line Railroad Co 

Central Pacific Railway Co 

Union Pacific Railroad Co 

Utah & Pacific Railway Co 

Echo & Park City Branch U. P. R. R. Co. 

Sanpete Valley Railway Co 

Salt Lake & Ogden Railway Co 

Salt Lake & Los Angeles Railway Co 

Salt Lake & Mercur Railroad Co 

Grass Creek Terminal Railway Co 

New East Tintic Railway Co 

Ogden & Northwestern Railroad Co. ..-,.. 

Copper Belt Railroad Co 

Ogden Union Railway & Depot Co 



Totals 1,875.61 



Total Mileage 



Ass'ed Value of 
Property 

(Including rolling 
stock, franchises, 
supplies, telegraph 
linee,buildings,etc. ) 



769.62 


$6,781,034 


574.44 


5,089,676 


186.66 


2,161,117 


98.54 


1,187,232 


78.12 


432,830 


36.49 


207,700 


56.91 


149,633 


20.43 


102,994 


14.98 


95,300 


13.03 


77,775 


5. 


12,600 


2.51 


13,955 


6.88 


7,815 




5,300 


7. 


207,170 



$16,532,131 



With such a start and with the development of the West only really beginning, 
the likelihood of Salt Lake City becoming one of the great railroad centers of 
the Union is at least equal to that of any other Western city. 

The adoption of a new operating policy by the management of the Union 
Pacific and Southern Pacific Companies late in March emphasized more than any 
preceding event the strategic importance of Salt Lake City as a railroad center. 
This was the erection into general operating divisions of the line of the Union 
Pacific, the Southern Pacific and subsidiary lines, and the appointment of a general 
manager over each of these great divisions, these to report to Julius Kruttschnitt, 



54 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

at Chicago, who has the title of Director of Transportation. Under this arrange- 
ment A. L. Mohler became vice president and general manager of the main line of 
the Union Pacific with headquarters at Omaha; W. H. Bancroft, vice-president 
and general manager of the Oregon Short Line, with headquarters at Salt Lake, 
and his jurisdiction extended eastward to Green Eiver, Wyoming, on the Union 
Pacific and westward to Eeno, Nevada, on the Southern Pacific; E. E. Calvin, 
vice-president and general manager of the Oregon Eailroad & Navigation Com- 
pany, with headquarters at Portland, Oregon. 

While the redistricting of the lines adds to the mileage that will have Salt 
Lake City as headquarters the source of greatest satisfaction to Salt Lake and the 
railroad world of Utah is the recognition of the merits of Utah railroad men in 
the appointment of the general managers. 

Street Railways 

The first street railway to begin operations in Utah was projected and in- 
augurated by John W. Young, son of President Brigham Young, the pioneer. 
Its motive power was the mule, electricity then being an unknown quantity 
in motive power as applied to rapid transit. The Mormon Church was heavily 
interested and for years encouraged the enterprise, and only disposed of its 
interest when the church property was taken into the hands of a receiver. That 
street railway line was the forerunner of Salt Lake's present extensive system of 
rapid transit by electric power. 

At the present time there are really but two street railway systems in Utah — 
the Utah Light & Eailway Company, which operates all the street railways in 
Salt Lake, and the Ogden Eapid Transit Company, which operates in Ogden. 
The West Side Eapid Transit Company, however, operates 6| miles of electrical 
road in Salt Lake and into the adjacent territory to the southwest. This line 
has a favorable outlook for substantial extension in the near future. 

The Consolidated Eailway & Power Company, of Salt Lake, has 37 miles of 
single and 19 miles of double tracks. The assessed valuation of the mileage, 
rolling stock and other items is $469,373. This system covers the city pretty 
thoroughly, and runs south to Murray, near the smelters, over eight miles distant, 
and penetrates the populous portions of the district built up southeasterly of the 
city proper. It also gives quick and frequent connections with Fort Douglas and 
the several cemeteries and some of the pleasure resorts. 

The Ogden Eapid Transit Company operates eight miles of electrical lines, 
which run through the principal portions of Ogden City and to the Union Depot. 
They also pass Glenwood Park and connect with a steam line that runs from the 
end of the electric line to the Hot Sulphur Springs, some eight miles north of 
Ogclen. The assessed value of the Ogden electrical system, including mileage, 
rolling stock and all other items, is $49,320. 

The assessed value of the West Side Eapid Transit Company's property, 
inclusive of all items, is $17,750. 

The Salt Lake & Suburban Eailway has a franchise from Salt Lake south a 
distance of some twelve miles, and part of the work has already been done. 

The Utah Light & Eailway Company has a franchise and during the summer 
will extend its line from Murray south to a point east of Bingham Junction, and 
thence west to Bingham Junction, a distance of about five miles. 

The Salt Lake & Ogden Eailway, now run by steam and operating between Salt 
Lake and Farmington, in Davis County, is to be converted to an electrically 
motived line and extended to Ogden some 18 miles beyond, and 38 miles north of 
Salt Lake, and for the principal portion of the day an hourly service between these 
cities is projected. 




Industries 

Manufactures 

HAT Utah does not occupy, as a manufacturing center, a position 
infinitely in advance of her present status, is due to absolutely 
insuperable obstacles. The inauguration and support of home 
manufactures has been a cry in the Salt Lake Valley as old as its 
occupancy by white men. The spirit of self-support sprang both 
from patriotism and necessity. Beginning the subjugation of 
limitless solitudes and disheartening wastes 1,000 miles from con- 
tact with the outer posts of civilization, with almost impassable mountain ranges 
and trackless and waterless wastes intervening, that only might be had which the 
hands of those toiling in the Salt Lake Valley produced. From the beginning 
"home manufacture" has been the one common impulse of pioneer and pioneer's 
child alike, and those living long in this State have listened to the support of 
home industries as the burden of many a mighty discourse from Mormon pulpits. 
So it came that in early days woolen factories were established in Salt Lake 
Valley, in Washington County — the southernmost county in the State — in Utah 
County at Provo, in Ogden, at Brigham City in Box Elder County, and elsewhere. 
Also cotton was raised in the southern part of the State and a factory for the 
manufacture of cotton goods established. At a later date strong effort was made 
to encourage the raising of cocoons and the manufacture of silk. This will 
account for the numbers of mulberry trees to be found throughout the State, 
these having been planted for the purpose of feeding the silk worms with leaves 
therefrom. While the industry has not prospered in, proportion to the enthusi- 
asm with which it was introduced, it has not been abandoned and its future im- 
portance and value to the State is recognized by State aid in suitable form. 
Two conditions are, however, indispensable to successful manufacturers on an 
important scale. These are a population great enough in numbers and sufficiently 
congested, and transportation facilities to enable the manufactured article to be 
taken within reach of the consumer. Marked as the growth in population of Utah 
has been, it has failed to keep up with the ambition of her people as to manufact- 
ures; and it may be said without fear of successful contradiction that railroads 
have not befriended local manufactures. Prior to the organization of railroad 
corporations with extensive mileage within this State, the long haul was sought 
for, and all the influence and backing of railroad corporations whose mileage 
covered the State and the territory that should have been tributary to it for 
geographical reasons, was exerted in favor of the manufacturer outside of the 
State. Hence many industries that would have grown, and which were entitled by 
all normal conditions to successful development, were destroyed through railroad 
friendship for foreign as against domestic products. Despite this some have grown, 
though many have been destroyed utterly. 

After years of struggle and losses and patriotic support by stockholders, the 
Provo Woolen Mills have become a dividend paying proposition, and are to-day 
competing successfully with the product of greater manufactories of the east. 
These mills use nothing but Utah wools, last year consuming 850,000 pounds. 
They employ steadily some two hundred employes, whose wages aggregate approxi- 
mately $50,000 annually. These mills produce blankets, linseys, all varieties of 



56 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 




INDUSTRIES. 57 

flannels, ladies' cloths, fancy cashmeres and tricots. The fancy cashmeres and 
tricots are sent largely to the Eastern markets. The value of the mills' annual 
product is. approximately $225,000, and of this sum $150,000 is shipped to Eastern 
markets, while the balance is domestically consumed. The product for the present 
year will be increased fully 25 per cent., which will involve an increase of 25 per 
cent, in the amount of wool to be purchased by the mills. 

The large and modern shoe and overall factory of Zion's Co-operative Mercan- 
tile Institution is another illustration of a successful manufacture despite Eastern 
competition. In 40 minutes from the time its building is commenced a shoe is 
turned out finished in this factory. The establishment is perfect in all its appoint- 
ments. The value of its product in 1893 was $125,000 in shoes, and $100,000 
in overalls — a total of $225,000. These goods are sold all through the inter-moun- 
tain region in competition with Eastern products of a like nature. The shoe and 
overall departments employ steadily 175 persons, and the annual wages paid ex- 
ceed $80,000. The officers of this institution, which does an annual jobbing and 
retail trade in general merchandise equal to some $4,000,000, are: President, 
Jos. F. Smith; vice-president, George Eomney; secretary and superintendent, T. G-. 
Webber; treasurer, A. W. Carlson. 

Silver Bros., of Salt Lake City, give employment to something in excess ef 
100 persons in their foundry, where they compete with Eastern iron manufactur- 
ers in many branches. 

Manufacturing establishments in the State number 1,565; they own real prop- 
erty to the value of $6,530^000, and personal property valued at $12,575,000. The 
value of the manufactured product is $30,275,187 annually. This does not include 
smelter productions, the coke product, the beer product, nor several others of 
importance. The value of the sugar product from the Utah beet is over $2,000,000 
annually. The value of the State's coke product is close to $150,000 annually, 
and this coke is from Utah coal. The list of manufacturing industries include the 
following items, and the number of establishments is given as nearly as may be: 
Awnings, 4; bicycle repairing and manufacturing, 21; blacksmithing and wheel- 
wrighting, 191; boots and shoes, custom work and repairing, 80; boots and shoes, 
factory product, 6; bread and other bakery products, 29; brick and tile, 49; car- 
pentering, 43; carpets, rags, 3; carriages and wagons, 9; cars and general shop 
construction and repairs by steam railroad companies, 10; cheese, butter and con- 
densed milk, factory product, 73; clothing, men's, custom work and repairing, 62; 
clothing, women's, dressmaking, 28; confectionery, 24; dyeing and cleaning, 5; 
electrical construction and repairs, 6; flouring and grist mill products, 80; foundry 
and machine shop products, 15; fruits and vegetables, canning and preserving, 8; 
furniture, cabinet-making, repairing and upholstering, 19; furniture, factory prod- 
uct, 7; hand stamps, 3; hosiery and knit goods, 10; leather, tanned, curried and 
finished, 4; lime and cement, 8; liquors, malt, 7; lock and gunsmithing, 7; looking 
glass and picture frames, 8; lumber and timber products, 81; lumber, planing mill 
products, including sash, doors and blinds, 28; marble and stone works, 20: ma- 
sonry, brick and stone, 22; mattresses and spring beds, 4; millinery, custom work, 
52; mineral and soda waters, 8; monuments and tombstones, 15; painting, house, 
signs, etc., 29; paperhanging, 13; patent medicines and compounds, 5; photog- 
raphy, 43; plastering and stucco work, 70; plumbing and gas and steamfitting, 37; 
pottery, terra-cotta and fire clay products, 7; printing and publishing, book and 
job, 18; printing and publishing, newspapers and periodicals, 62; roofing and 
roofing materials, 5; saddlery and harness, 55; salt, 5; sewing machine repairing, 4; 
slaughtering and meat packing, wholesale, 5; slaughtering, wholesale, not includ- 
ing meat-packing, 3; sugar and molasses, beet, 4: tinsmithing, coppersmithing and 
sheet iron working, 38; tobacco, cigars and cigarettes, 15; trunks and valises, 3; 



58 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



watch, clock and jewelry repairing, 46; woolen goods, 6; all other industries, 80. 
The latter embrace agricultural implements; baking and yeast powders; baskets, 
and rattan and willow ware; bookbinding and blank book making; bottling; boxes, 
cigar; boxes, fancy, and paper; brooms and brushes; cars and general shop con- 
struction and repairs by street railway companies; charcoal; china decorating; 
clothing, men's, factory product; coffins, burial cases, and undertakers' goods; 




DESERET NEWS BUILDING, SALT LAKE CITY 



coke, copper, smelting and refining; engraving, steel, including plate printing; 
flavoring extracts; fur goods; furnishing goods, men's; gas, illuminating and 
heating; gloves and mittens; hair work; ice, artificial; ironwork; architectural and 
ornamental; jewelry; lead, bar, pipe, and sheet; lead, smelting and refining; oil, 
not elsewhere specified; optical goods; pickles, preserves and sauces; rubber and 
elastic goods; scales and balances; shirts; show cases; silk and silk goods; soap and 
candles; taxidermy; typewriter repairing; vinegar and cider; whips; wirework, 
including wire rope and cable; wood, turned and carved and wool pulling. 



INDUSTRIES. 59 

Water Powers 

While the development of cheap power in this State has followed rather than 
encouraged the growth of demand, it has materially added to the saving and 
materially encouraged many industries that were formerly severely handicapped 
in the struggle for success. Within ten years wonders have been worked in the 
State through the utilizing of waters formerly thought to have no value save for 
irrigation. Thousands of miles of electric wires are strung over the State, and 
the current therefor is supplied by power from the mountain streams before they 
are diverted and run on their w T ay to make glad the thirsty earth with their refresh- 
ing wealth and life-giving fluid. Especially valuable has the introduction of this 
force been in furnishing power for street and residence lighting in Salt Lake, 
Ogden, Provo, Logan and other cities, and' for the operation of electric street 
railway lines in Salt Lake City. One of its most significant values, however, has 
been in supplying power for mining operations at points where the price of deliv- 
ering coal from the railroads made the line between working at a profit or at a loss 
so uncertain as to take away that assurance which is the incentive to labor. Of 
course, no such power developed by water is yet employed in mining as is consumed 
in the operation of street railways and street and house lighting, but the develop- 
ment of this resource, while really wonderful in the past decade, has only begun. 
Ere long every one of the mountain streams, and there are hundreds, will be made 
to furnish electrical power without in anywise decreasing the value or volume of 
water for irrigation. And when most, if not all, of these streams can be utilized 
several times because of their rapid fall, some wide idea may be had of the vast 
possibilities this new and inexhaustible field affords for the supplying of unlimited 
power by electrical development at a nominal figure. What this means to manu- 
facturers cannot be over-estimated — what it means to the development of mining 
districts remote from coal may be conjectured only. It is 'utterly impossible to 
give any idea of the ultimate power that may be developed from this source; but 
it -is estimated that there is at present 25,000 undeveloped horse power tributary 
to Salt Lake alone, and when the storage of water proposed and soon to be inaugu- 
rated, and referred to in the article on "Irrigation," shall have been accomplished, 
the maximum of possible power will always be maintained, and the present maxi- 
mum incalculably increased. 

What is known as the Utah Light & Eailway Company has for nearly ten years 
been engaged in the development and acquisition of water powers. This corpora- 
tion not only lights Salt Lake City and Ogden, but controls all street railway 
systems of Salt Lake, furnishes power for smelters south of Salt Lake, and for 
manufactures, elevators and similar purposes in Salt Lake. As fast as can be done 
with safety it is replacing its steam with water power, though its object is always 
to have on hand a steam plant capacity that will never fall below 33J per cent, 
of the demand made upon it for power. Two seasons of the year there are at present 
when steam power is necessary to augment the power developed by water. These 
are from June 15th to September 15th — the irrigation season — and during parts 
of the months of December and January when extreme cold diminishes the natural 
water flow. This latter difficulty has in a measure been overcome by that company 
securing the output of the power plant of the Utah Sugar Company on Bear 
Eiver, which, with the present installation and that to be put in during the present 
year, will give 4,500 horse power beyond question in the winter months, since 
the length of the Bear Eiver and the great volume of water it carries frees it from 
the effects of extreme cold to which the smaller streams are subject. The Utah 
Light & Eailway Company supplies a maximum power for its own purpose in 
lighting the streets of Salt Lake and Ogden, and in operating the street railway 




BATTLE CREEK FALLS, AMERICAN FORK CANYON 



INDUSTRIES. 



61 



system of Salt Lake, and for manufactures in Salt Lake and vicinity, of 9,000 
horse. The average horse power demand is 5,000. To meet this and growing con- 
ditions it has a steam plant of some 5,000 horse power; it has 5,000 horse power 
installed at Ogden in the pioneer power plant; it has 4,500 horse power from Big 
Cottonwool and 2,500 horse power from the Utah Sugar Company's power plant 
(leased for six years) on Bear Eiver — in all 17,000 horse power, of which 12,000 
is developed by water. This must be understood as the maximum power that can 
be developed with existing installation, though at given seasons of the year the 

volume of water would fur- 

nish power infinitely greater. 
Added to the 17,000 horse 
power given should be the 
2,000 additional to be put 
into the Bear Eiver plant the 
present year. The officers of 
the Utah Light & Railway 
Company are Joseph F. 
Smith, president; John R. 
Winder, first vice president; 
Joseph S. Wells, second vice 
president. These, with A. 
H. Lund, W. S. McCornick, 
W. J. Curtis, L. S. Hills, A. 
W. McCune and W. P. Read 
form the directorate. R. S. 
Campbell is secretary and 
general manager and L. S. 
Hills, treasurer. 

The Telluride Power Com- 
pany is another large cor- 
poration also actively en- 
gaged in the development 
of Avater power systems for 
creating electric currents. 
It has a plant of 2,500 
horse power in Logan City, 
Cache County, developed on 
the Logan River. The power 
unnecessary for lighting 
purposes in Logan is trans- 
mitted south to the mines in Tintic Mining District — 150 miles — and is used for 
power at intervening points. On the Provo River it has a plant which will be in 
operation by June of this year with an installed maximum capacity of 10,000 
horse power. This power is sent to the mines of Tintic, Bingham and Mercur, 
and is utilized at intervening points. The same company is also installing a 
plant on the Beaver River, in Beaver County, in the southern part of the State, 
which will have a capacity of 3,000 horse power, and will be used by the mines and 
kindred industries of Beaver and contiguous counties. Tnis will give the Telluride 
Power Company a maximum power capacity equal to 15,500 horse. It already 
has 350 miles of poles and about 1,500 miles of wires in the State. Its system is 
a double circuit. These wires are of seven strand aluminum and have a line 
voltage of 40,000 volts. Its officers are: James Campbell, oi St. Louis, presi- 
dent; Ralph King, Cleveland, Ohio, vice president; H. R. Newcomb, Cleveland, 




CASCADE-COTTONWOOD CANYON 



62 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Ohio, secretary and treasurer; L. L. Nunn, Telluride, Colo., general manager; 
P. N. Nunn, Niagara Falls, chief engineer. 

The Columbus Consolidated Mining Company is now finishing a plant that 
will develop in Little Cottonwood Canyon some 700 horse power. This power 
will be used by the mine itself and will supply other mines in Alta with power. 
The intention is to increase it to a maximum of 1,000 horse power. 

Besides this, American Fork, Pleasant Grove and Lehi are all supplied with 
street and household lights by electricity created by the development of some- 
thing like 2,000 horse power in American Fork Canyon. 

Beginning at the northern part of the State and going south the horse power 
developed by water at present, and certain to be developed during the present year, 
is substantially as follows: 

Logan City Corporation, present installation, Logan River 1,000 H. P. 

Telluride Power Co., present installation, Logan Eiver 2,500 H. P. 

Utah Sugar Company, present installation, Bear River 2,500 H. P. 

Utah Sugar Company, to be installed this year, Bear River 2,000 H. P. 

Brigham City, two plants, present installation, Box Elder Canyon... 2,000 H. P. 

Utah Light & Railway Co., present installation, Weber River 5,000 H. P. 

Utah Light & Railway Co., present installation. Big Cottonwood River. 4,500 H. P. 
Salt Lake City Water & Electrical Power Co., present installation, 

Jordan River 1,500 H. P. 

Utah County Power Co., present installation, American Fork River.. 2,000 H. P. 

Telluride Power Co., present installation, Provo River 10,000 H. P. 

Telluride Power Co., to be installed this year, Beaver River 3,000 H. P. 

Columbus Consolidated Mg. Co., to be in operation May 1st, 1904, 

Little Cottonwood 700 H. P. 

All others, present installation 2,000 H. P. 

Total installation , .38,700 H. P. 

These plants all develop electrical power. In every part of the State, for 
flouring mills and other minor manufacturing purposes, there are an infinite 
number of small water powers that are applied directly, but which in the aggregate 
will add vitally to the total horse power developed by water in the State, though it 
would be unsafe to make an estimate. 

It is estimated that the average cost for the installation of a plant for the 
development of electrical power will equal $150 per maximum horse power. This 
would make the investment in the State for the development of this power equal 
to $5,905,000, and does not allow any value for the appropriation of water. No 
definite figure can be given of what this power is sold for. A conservative figure, 
however, under existing conditions, would be to place the income from the sale 
of power developed by water at $750,000 annually. 

Sugar Industry 

The estimated annual production of sugar in Utah is 25,000 tons. The esti- 
mated annual consumption is 10,000, leaving a balance of $15,000 tons to be 
exported, which may be said to command an average price of $90 per ton. The 
gross income, therefore, to Utah from sugar is $1,350,000 — in addition to the 
$900,000 worth now produced and consumed in the State, all of which is saved 
as against a sum equal to $2,350,000 that formerly could not have been counted 
among the State's products. 

The development of the sugar industry in this State is really phenomenal, and 
it shows what may be accomplished in other directions under energetic and intelli- 






INDUSTRIES. 



63 



gent management, such as in later years has characterized the direction of this 
young and thriving industry. The present successful record must not be taken as 
an example of a continuous prosperity in this pursuit in the State. Very many 
residents of Utah will recall the dismay that faced those interested in the sugar 
industry in its earliest stages. 

The first beet sugar factory in Utah began operations in Lehi, Utah County, 
December 26, 1889. The capacity was 330 tons daily. It was designed for a 
300-ton plant, but as a bonus was given for all tonnage over 300 and up to 350, 
the contractors were well rewarded when, for each 24 hours, it handled 330 tons. 




GATHERING SUGAR BEET SEED 



Subsequently it developed a 400-ton capacity every 24 bours, which evidenced the 
greater efficiency and more intelligent management of operation. The 330 tons 
of beets which the factory originally handled produced about 725 sacks of sugar 
of 100 pounds each in the 24 hours' run. The present capacity of this factory is 
1,100 tons of beets each 24 hours, with a product of 2,700 bags of 100 pounds 
each, a sugar product which has increased almost 50 per cent, above the produc- 
tion of earlier days from the same quantity of beets. Twice the factory has been 
enlarged, and now embraces three cutting stations and 42 miles of pipe line in 
Salt Lake and Utah Counties, with another cutting factory soon to be erected 
in Utah County, and ten miles of additional pipe line to be added. 

This original factory was owned by the Utah Sugar Company, as it is to-day. 
The present officers of the Utah Sugar Company are: Joseph F. Smith, president; 



64 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



Thos. K. Cutler, vice president and general manager. These gentlemen, with 
W. S. McCornick, John R. Winder, John Henry Smith, Heber J. Grant and* John 
C. Cutler, constitute the board of directors. Horace G. Whiterey is secretary and 
treasurer. The personnel of this company is closely identified with the inaugura- 
tion of the beet sugar industry in Idaho. Last year a plant was established at 
Idaho Falls, and ground has already been broken for another in Fremont County, 
both in Idaho. 

Also at Garland, in Box Elder County, this State, a new factory has been 
erected by the Utah Sugar Company. The machinery now installed gives the plant 

a daily capacity of 600 tons 
of beets, but the Garland fac- 
tory building has been con- 
structed so large that the 
consumption of beets therein 
may be increased to 1,200 
tons daily, by the introduc- 
tion of additional machinery. 
When the factory is enlarged 
to its maximum capacity it 
will produce 3,000 bags of 
sugar daily during its 24 
hour consumption of 1,200 
tons of beets. 

There are also other 
sugar factories at Ogden and 
Logan with a combined ca- 
pacity of perhaps 900 tons of 
beets. The acreage necessary 
to the production of these 
beets and other items given 
elsewhere will apply to these 
factories as to those of the 
Utah sugar factories. 

A factory is also to be es- 
tablished at a point known as 
Lewiston, in this State, about 
six miles south of the Idaho 
line, during the coming year, 
which will likely have a ca- 
pacity of about <500 tons of 
beets daily. 

As already intimated, the outlook in the earlier days, both for sugar beet raisers 
and for stockholders in the then new factory was dismal in the extreme. The 
plant at Lehi was the first in the inter-mountain region. The beet sugar industry 
was practically in its infancy in all parts of the United States. The beet crop, 
instead of being looked upon as a field one, was viewed as a garden product, and 
those who understood the cultivation thereof, not only so as to raise quantity, but 
so as to gain the maximum percentage of sugar in the beet, lived no closer to Utah 
than California. The result was that but 400 persons were employed in the cul- 
tivation of the 2,000 acres planted to sugar beets the first year, and the crop was 
light and the percentage of sugar so low that both farmers and manufacturers 
were discouraged. Now 1,800 farmers alone are engaged in sugar beet cultivation 
on the 4,000 acres of land in Utah and Salt Lake Counties that supply the Lehi 




THOMAS R. CUTLER. 
General Manager Utah Sugar Company 



INDUSTRIES. 65 

factory; and these, during the period of cultivation, employ practically one person 
to each two acres of ground in sugar beets, or more than double the number of 
employes per acre compared with the first year. 

The average production of beets to the acre in Utah is over twelve tons; Ger- 
many's average is ten to eleven tons; Nebraska's, about eight tons; Michigan's, 
less than Nebraska, because of drouth or excessive rains; and owing to seasons of 
extreme drouth California's average is lower still. The percentage of sugar 
(or "polarization" as it is called) in Utah sugar beets is about 15^ to 16 per cent. 
Of course, the tonnage in particular cases, as well as the percentage of sugar to the 
ton, greatly exceed these average figures. 

It must be borne in mind that the operating season of a factory in the Eocky 
Mountain region is approximately 100 days; and while there is practically no limit 
to the area that can be made successfully to produce sugar beets, these can be 
raised only at certain seasons of the year, and their perishable nature is such that 
they must be handled within 100 days or thereabouts, or chemical changes take 
place which destroy their value as sugar yielders. 

The present estimated area devoted to the cultivation of sugar beets in Utah 
will approximate 35,000 acres, producing in round numbers 400,000 tons of sugar 
beets which yield in the neighborhood of 25,000 tons of. sugar. 

Ten vears ago the remote hope of those fostering the sugar industry in this 
State was to make enough to supply Utah with half her own demand. Now she 
produces all of the 10,000 tons she annually consumes and 15,000 tons in addition. 

Excluding clerks and like employes, the five beet sugar factories during the 
run of 100 days will pay out between $125,000 and $150,000 in wages. 

The Utah Sugar Company owns a power plant near Garland, which is already 
installed and has a present capacity of 2,500 horse power. It is so constructed that 
this may be increased to 4,000 horse power, by the addition of very little machin- 
ery. This power is developed by water from the Bear Kiver. 

By-Industries and By-Products 

It costs $450 for coal for every 1,000 tons of beets worked in a beet sugar 
factory in Utah, and this coal is mined in the State, so that the additional sum 
named may be credited to the successful operation of beet sugar factories in Utah. 

Likewise, for every 1,000 tons of beets consumed, $100 in lime rock (for car- 
bonizing or neutralizing the juices) is used, and as this lime rock is produced in 
Utah, the sugar industry is to be credited with its share of the lime rock mined in 
the State. 

Food for Cattle and Sheep 

Each factory yields in tons of pulp one-half the tonnage of beets worked. This 
pulp has been shown to have remarkable fattening properties for both cattle and 
sheep; and so the farmer who raises the beets may, if he desires, at a reasonable 
figure, buy back the pulp of his own beets and through it secure fat mutton and 
beef at a trifling cost. It is stated that the oldest sheep can, in six weeks' time, 
on this pulp, be made to taste like the tenderest and fattest of lambs. Stock 
raisers of Utah .in earlier days, when desirous of fattening their own cattle for the 
market, were compelled to ship their live stock to the corn region of the East 
to secure fattening food; but since the value of the beet pulp has become known, 
much of that is done away with, and all parties concerned are advantaged. In 
this connection it should be made clear that this is an advantage peculiar to Utah 
and the inter-mountain region, because of the abundance of alfalfa, a very cheap 



66 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

and prolific hay, and, as a cheap food, excellent in many respects almost beyond 
comparison. Each steer will eat 100 pounds of the beet pulp daily, besides 15 
pounds of alfalfa. Without the hay the pulp is not effective, but with the alfalfa, the 
combination becomes an ideal fattener from every point of view for both cattle and 
sheep. One steer is equal to eight sheep from a feeding point of view. 

It is also worthy of note that the advantage to the factories by the disposal of 
the pulp is nothing by comparison to the benefit accruing to farmers and sheep 
and cattle raisers, except that it rids the factories of a refuse that might otherwise 
be troublesome. 

Other Products 

Again, there is in the sugar vats a residuum, or low molasses product — left 
after all sugar that can economically be extracted has been taken out. This 
product may be utilized for three purposes, any one of which may be made 
valuable commercially. The first is to extract from the molasses a low product of 
alcohol, such as is employed in the manufacture of smokeless powder. The next 
is to convert part of the molasses residue into crystal,, or potash salts. The third 
is to take the molasses and use it in conjunction with the inexhaustible quantity 
of fine coal dust that our coal mines are producing, and by combining them create 
coal brickettes — a fuel unsurpassed for many purposes. 

Manner of Producing Sugar Beet Seed in Germany 

In the fall of the year hundreds of acres of sugar beets, raised under the high- 
est state of cultivation, are taken out of the ground and carefully examined by 
men trained to the business with a view to selecting and sampling. The leaves 
and crown of each well formed beet are first closely inspected for the purpose of 
ascertaining if its growth had been regular and if, while growing, it had been fully 
exposed to the rays of the sun. All beets passing this examination are separated 
from the great bulk of the product for a further examination. Their shape is 
next considered; and all that pass a successful examination as to leaf, crown and 
form are sent to the laboratory where a chemist's test is made of each individual 
beet as to saccharine matter; and out of these carefully selected beets all showing 
the highest degree of perfection are' numbered and a complete record made of 
them. They are then placed in silos until the following spring, when they are 
again tested, and a comparison made with the former test. Those showing pro- 
nounced deterioration are thrown out. The balance are then photographed, and 
the photograph of each beet, together with its complete history, is then placed in 
what is called the pedigree book. The following year they are taken to the hot- 
house, where scientific methods are employed for the purpose of producing as 
much seed as possible from each individual beet. Here each beet is cut into slices 
from crown to root, and the slices planted in sand for sprouting. After all danger 
from frost is over the plants thus produced are transplanted in the fields. The 
plants produced from each individual beet are planted together in plats, and the 
plats numbered to correspond with the number of the beet in the pedigree book. 
This being done, wire netting is placed around and over the young plants to 
protect them from the ravages of animals and from hail storms, etc. During the 
season of growth they are closely watched and every symptom of disease checked, 
and in order to keep them healthy they are treated to several spraying baths com- 
posed of chemical mixtures. The seed produced from these plants is gathered, 
and that of each individual beet is kept separate until the next spring, when a small 
quantity of each beet is sowed in little plats; and the seed produced from this 
seed is carefully tested in the fall to ascertain its hereditary qualities; and all seed 



INDUSTRIES. 



67 



failing to show that it has inherited all of the good qualities of its individual 
mother beet is cast out and destroyed, for a beet is of no value for seed purposes 
unless it possesses the peculiar quality of transmitting all its virtues to its pos- 
terity. The good and perfect seed is then sowed, and increased for three years, 
when it is sold to farmers who raise the sugar beets for the sugar factories. 

A gentleman of our community spent some time recently in Germany and 
France, making a study of the raising of sugar beet seed, and the above is a brief 
summary of his observations. 

Dairying in Utah 

Dairying in Utah is confined to the valleys or irrigated districts, which are 
very fertile. In the early history of the State it was carried on to some extent 
on dry farms, but as such locations did not prove satisfactory or profitable, dry 




A VILLAGE CREAMERY 



farm dairying has been abandoned entirely. The dry farms produce coarse, dry 
herbage and are used almost entirely for wheat growing, while the irrigated sec- 
tions produce abundantly of a great variety of small grains, grasses, clovers, fruits 
and vegetables. ' Lucern is the staple forage crop and does well in all parts of 
the State. It gives three cuttings a year, with a yield of about six tons per acre. 
When seed is wanted, only the first crop is taken for hay; the second goes for 
seed. This latter practice is common on the dry farms. 



68 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Lucern hay, in the populated sections near railroads, sells for about $3.50 per 
ton in the stack, while in outlying places away from the railroads, it sells for $2 
to $2.50 per ton. As a single food for dairy cows lucern has no peer. Orchard 
grass, a well known and tried food, grows well with lucern and the two make a 
happy combination. The orchard grass is headed out and in bloom when the 
first cutting of lucern is made, but it does not amount to much in the second and 
third cuttings. As a single pasture crop, lucern is not satisfactory, as it causes 
great loss of animals through bloat. Permanent pastures, with a mixture of 
English rye grass, lucern, red clover, orchard grass, blue grass, oat grass and red 
top well manured and irrigated will return, with good cows, a net profit from 
butter fat alone as high as $50 an acre per year. 

Utah is rapidly becoming a root growing State; as high as 30 tons of roots can 
be grown to the acre. 

Mill feed is rather high in price, ranging from $15 to $25 per ton. On 
account of the high price not much grain is fed and it is very doubtful if another 
State, without feeding grains to its cows, can show as large a yearly record per cow 
as Utah. This is attributed to the sole use of lucern, which is much the same in 
composition as bran and to a certain extent is equal to bran pound per pound. 
The well developed light milking cow will do well on lucern without grain, but 
the heavy milker must have some, the amount of which will depend upon the 
milk flow and development of the animal. 

The valleys of Utah afford ideal dairy conditions. The winters are mild and 
comparatively short, and the summer days, with cool nights, are pleasant. The 
weather is not extremely cold in winter nor hot in summer, as it is in the North- 
western States, as in Iowa, the Dakotas, Minnesota and Wisconsin. The climate 
is very equable and uniform. Winter temperature rarely goes below zero, cutting 
winds are rarely known, and costly barns are not needed. 

Utah has 1,815 dairy farms, with a total of 159,773 acres. On these farms 
there are 15,000 dairy cows, which have a value of nearly $600,000. The dairy 
farms keep about eight cows each; this is low and is presumably due to the village 
system of farming. Nearly all the farmers live in villages and it may be said 
that Utah, aside from its mining interests, is strictly a rural community. 

On 14,766 farms, not dairy, there are dairy cows. Counting range cattle, Utah 
has a total of 55,000 cows with an average of four to a farm for the whole State. 
The total value of dairy farm property, not including value of dairy cows, is 
$1,928,736. On the average dairy farm in the United States the value of live 
stock and buildings amounts to $676 and $1,190 respectively; while in Utah they 
amount to $550 and $535 respectively. The greatest lack is buildings. 

Utah's annual production of milk is 216,000,000 pounds, from which are made 
5,500,000 pounds of butter and 2,000,000 pounds of cheese. Of this 216,000,000 
pounds o'f milk the factories work up about 80,000,000 pounds. There are about 
eighty factories in the State with a total value of $200,000, the most of which 
make both butter and cheese. With a mixed population such as Utah has, con- 
siderable butter and cheese are yet made on the farms, but the amount is growing 
smaller, and it is only a question of a short time when it will all be made at 
factories. 

Cache County, in the northwestern part of the State, is the strongest dairy 
county. It has more than twice as many factories and milk producers as any other 
county. The factories in this county are the most modern, best equipped in the 
State. 

Considerable change is taking place in the creameries, which are going from 
the central skimming system to the hand separator system. This change is not 
confined to Utah alone, but is general. By the hand separator system the milk 



INDUSTRIES. 69 

is separated on the farm and only the cream is taken to the factory. As high as 
$50,000 worth of hand separators were sold to Utah farmers in 1903. There are 
many advantages secured by the use of the hand separator, and good butter can 
be made by proper care of the cream. Nearly all of the creameries that run 
separators return the skim milk to the patrons. The price of whole milk at the 
factories depends upon the fat content, which, on an average, is 3.8 per cent. 

There is a strong demand, with wages from $50 to $75 per month, for men 
capable of managing butter and cheese factories. Preference is given to home 
trained labor, but it is difficult to secure. 

It is estimated that over $100,000 of dairy products were shipped out of the 
State in 1903, a very desirable feature and deserving of much encouragement. 
Sales came entirely from the Western States, and prices were good all along. 
Butter sold above twenty-three cents, and cheese above thirteen cents. 

At present two milk condensaries, at a total cost of $125,000, are in progress 
of construction in Cache County. One is located at Logan and the other at Rich- 
mond. The former is under the management of Hon. Lorenzo Hansen; the latter 
under the management of C. Z. Harris. The daily capacity of the two plants is 
120,000 pounds of milk, or four carloads of 30,000 pounds each of the condensed 
article per week. Half the yearly output of 100 cars will supply Utah and will 
do much to keep the price of butter and cheese within the State from fluctuating. 
The plants are to make butter and cheese when the conditions demand it. The 
price paid for milk will depend upon the fat it contains. 

The number of pounds of milk received by the factories during the year was 
70,000,000 pounds, the average cost of delivering milk to the creameries was 8 
cents per 100 pounds; the total cost of delivering, $53,000; average test of milk, 
3.91; pounds of butter made, 2,143,052; pounds of cheese made, 1,564,865; average 
price paid per 100 pounds of milk, 69.2; price paid per pound for butter, 17.6; 
price received for butter, per pound, 20.1; price received per pound for cheese, 9.4. 

Number of factories in the State, 71; value of creameries, exclusive of lands, 
$205,452. Number of persons employed in factories, about 100; wages paid, 
$41,665; number of persons supplying milk, 5,200. 

As a rule patrons of factories are interested therein as stockholders, so that 
in addition to their returns from the sale of their milk they also share in the 
profits of the creameries. 

Canning Industry 

An industry than which none has taken greater strides in recent times is that 
of canning fruits and vegetables. Some seventeen plants are now in operation in 
the State, the majority in Weber County. Since the articles canned are prac- 
tically all saved — having previously been without a market, and therefore value- 
less prior to the introduction of the canning industry — the figures may prove of 
interest and should be significantly valuable. Some 400,000 cases of tomatoes, 
asparagus, peas and fruits, and vegetables generally, are canned annually by the 
seventeen factories that operate during the season. As a matter of fact their 
operations do not extend over 90 days. The value of these 400,000 cases is ap- 
proximately $700,000. Over 2,000 persons find employment in the fields. Besides 
this, close on $275,000 annually is spent for wages in the canning factories, while 
an estimate places the area under cultivation for the production of the material 
canned at something like 2,500 acres. 

The factories are located and produce substantially as follows: Willard Can- 
ning Factory, Willard, Box Elder County, product, 15,000 cases of tomatoes; 
Chief Canning Co., Plain City, Weber County, product, 12,000 cases of fruits and 
tomatoes; Utah Canning Co., Weber County, product, 45,000 cases of tomatoes; 



70 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Salt Lake Valley Canning Co., North Ogden, Weber County, product, 22,000 
cases of tomatoes, fruits, rhubarb, catsup and jellies; Wasatch Orchard Company, 
Ogden, Weber County, product, 75,000 cases of peas, tomatoes, fruits and aspara- 
gus; Ogden Canning Co., Ogden, Weber County, product, 15,000 cases tomatoes; 
North Ogden Canning Co., North Ogden, Weber Co., product, 15,000 cases fruits 
and tomatoes; Riverdale Canning Co., River dale, Weber County, product, 15,000 
cases of tomatoes; Hooper Canning Company, Hooper, Weber County, product, 
15,000 cases tomatoes; Hardy Canning Co., Hooper, Weber County, product, 15,000 
cases tomatoes; Syracuse Canning Co., Syracuse, Davis County, product, 15,000 
cases fruits and tomatoes; Star Canning Co., Roy, Weber County, product, 40,000 
cases peas, fruits and tomatoes; Uintah Canning Co., Uintah, Weber County, 
product, 15,000 cases tomatoes; Layton Canning Co., Layton, Davis County, prod- 
uct, 20,000 cases tomatoes; Kaysville Canning Co., Kaysville, Davis County, prod- 
uct, 23,000 cases tomatoes; Woods Cross Canning Factory, Woods Cross, Davis 
County, product, 40,000 cases of asparagus and tomatoes; Provo Canning Co., 
Provo, Utah County, product, 3,000 cases of fruits. 

In addition to the above, the Wasatch Orchard Company makes some 40,000 
cans daily from February 1st to December 31st, for its own use in packing tomatoes 
and fruits, the value of which is about $75,000. Thirty persons find employment 
in this plant. 

Utah raises the finest celery, asparagus and tomatoes in the world. 

Pickles. — Many of the above canneries also manufacture catsup, and put up 
pickles of the kind generally in demand. These rank well with like products 
manufactured elsewhere — but the extent to which they supply the domestic de- 
mand cannot yet be stated. Little if any of the pickled products are exported, 
though the demand for Utah canned fruits, tomatoes and asparagus is growing at 
a rate which not only proves the excellence of the articles but the superiority of the 
manner in which they are handled. 

In addition to the above, a number of the factories make jellies from the 
various fruits raised in the State. 

Combination. — A combination has been effected among those engaged in the 
above industries for the purpose of maintaining uniform prices. Practically all 
the factories are parties to the arrangement. It is known as the Utah Selling 
and Storage Company, and is officered by Wm. Craig, as president; Wm. Van Alan, 
vice president; Mr. Stringham, secretary, and J. W. Parker, treasurer. 

Salt 

Notwithstanding the billions of tons of salt the Great Salt Lake holds in solu- 
tion, nor the mountains and mines of rock salt found elsewhere on the borders of 
Utah, this State markets 35,000 tons only per annum. This is charged to the 
unfavorable freight rates, which will not admit of the product being shipped 
farther east than Colorado common points. Were it not for this the annual output 
of salt in this State could be doubled many times over, as the product wins its way 
in every market where it has been introduced. 

The Inland Crystal Salt Company, of Salt Lake City, has a plant for the 
production and refining of salt on the lake shore near the famous Saltair resort. 
Their method is to pump the water from the lake into open pools, where solar 
evaporation takes place, leaving the crystal salt to be shoveled up, milled and 
sacked. During 1903 30,000 tons were obtained in this way, and forty per cent, of 
this amount was afterwards refined while the balance was sold in its crude state. 
In addition to this there were some 5,000 tons of rock salt mined from the moun- 
tains in the southern part of the State. 



INDUSTRIES. 



71 



Besides almost entirely supplying the home market, Utah salt is shipped to 
Oregon, Washington, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and Colorado; and as soon as 
favorable freight rates can be had the supply may be increased to meet any and 
all demands. 

While there are other plants, the company named practically controls the 
market open to the product of the State. 

The crude salt is used in mining plants where chlorinization is necessary, and 
for horses, cattle and sheep, being an indispensable element for these animals, 
whether on the ranch or the range. 

The production of salt is described in greater detail in the article on "Great 
Salt Lake— a Mine of Chemic Wealth." 

Inland Guano Deposits 

Utah, nearly a thousand miles from the ocean, has valuable guano deposits 
covering acres of ground and aggregating thousands of tons. Of the islands 
dotting Great Salt Lake there are two, Gunnison and Hat, upon which gulls and 




GULLS ON HAT ISLAND, GREAT SALT LAKE 

other sea birds flying inland from the Pacific coast have had their breeding grounds 
for ages; and to-day there are vast accumulations of genuine guano. Thus far 
very little has been done with these inland guano deposits, though several hundred 
tons of the product have been used by Utah farmers, and with most excellent 
results. 

Mr. August H. Vogeler made a personal test of the guano found there, and in 
his sworn statement before the register of the United States land office, this city, 
appears the following: "Onions, weighing two pounds each, were grown with the 
aid of guano, while immediately adjoining, in the same field, onions did not exceed 
one-half pound each without the aid of this fertilizer. For lawns it cannot be 
excelled." 

Mr. Chester A. Bullock, expert on fertilizers, State of Ohio, has written the 
Utah Guano Company as follows: "Having personally visited and made a careful 



72 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

examination of the Gunnison Island Guano deposits in Great Salt Lake, Utah, I 
beg to state that I found them in every particular as represented to me." From 
numerous analyses (and some by disinterested parties) made in different parts of 
the United States, the average results were: Phosphoric acid, 11.61; nitrogen, 
4.03; potash, .57. Mr. Bullock adds: "Being engaged in the fertilizer business 
for the last thirty years, I have no hesitancy in stating that you have a very 
valuable deposit, and your product will find a ready market." 

The following analyses were made by Prof. Herman Harms. 

Gunnison. Island — Phosphoric acid, 8.04 (which corresponds to trie phosphate, 
17.55); nitrogen, 1.16; ammonia, 1.43; nitrog. matter, 7.25; potash, .50. 

Hat Island — Phosphoric acid, 19.54 (which corresponds to trie phosphate, 
42.65); nitrogen, 1.28; ammonia, 1.55; nitrog. matter, 8.00, and potash, .50. 

These are the only deposits of guano known to exist in this section of the 
country. They are within easy access. The product can be dug, sacked and 
placed on the train for $2 per ton. 

Breweries 

The breweries of the State produce 800,000 barrels of beer annually, of an aver- 
age value of $8 per barrel, or $600,000 for beer. About one-fourth of this is 
bottled, and at least one-half of the total amount is exported, so that the income 
to the State from the manufacture of beer is $300,000 annually. 

Utah barley is recognized as ranking among the best in the world, and certainly 
inferior to none produced in the United States. There is a constant demand for 
it at an average higher figure than the barley of most other States. It is whiter, 
fuller and heavier than the average barley. From this barley all the beer manu- 
factured in Utah is made. 

Utah hops, however, are not employed. Several years ago hops were raised 
in the State, but the industry was not encouraged by reason of the length of time 
it takes before satisfactory returns can be had. The consequence is that all hops 
employed are imported. 

All the breweries in the State are equipped with every modern appliance, and 
are, growing steadily in the face of competition with the largest breweries in the 
world, backed by friendly railroad freight rates. In spite of the unfavorable rail- 
road rates Utah beer sells in competition with the product of the great brewing 
centers in Idaho, Oregon, Nevada, Wyoming, Colorado and Montana. There are 
four breweries in the State — the Salt Lake Brewing Company, the Fisher Brewing 
Company, Wagner Brewing Company and the Becker Brewing and Malting Com- 
pany, the latter being the only one outside of Salt Lake which has been able to 
withstand the competition of the Salt Lake breweries as well as larger breweries 
outside the State. It is steadily growing and extending its operations. 

Utah's Honey Crop 

To tell a short, sweet story one needs only to write of Utah's honey produc- 
tion, and without such a story no work on this State's industries would be complete. 

Utah's escutcheon is a beehive with the word "Industry," and though it was 
never intended that her coat of arms should signify honey-making as her chief call- 
ing, recent development in the honey business might lead those not otherwise 
informed to conclude that this was to be the case. As a matter of fact, it was not 
until recent years that the people of Utah began to open their eyes to the great 
possibilities of bee-culture, and though very rapid developments have followed 
the awakening, the industry is still in its infancy with unlimited room in which 
to develop and increase. 



INDUSTRIES. 



73 



The year 1903 was an exceedingly prosperous one for Utah bee-keepers, and 
the future to them is more than ever promising. 

The demand for Utah Honey has ever been in excess of the supply, which 
argues well for its quality. There is no adulteration of honey in this State, and 
wherever the product has gone in the past it has paved the way for larger orders 
to follow. 

Were it possible to double the output this year, it would be found that the 
demand had also doubled. The annual output should be trebled within the next 
few years, as there is hardly a county in the State where bees would not thrive 
under ordinary care. The honey record of Utah for 1903 is as follows: Extracted 
honey, 1,500,000 pounds; comb honey, 400,000 pounds; total, 1,900,000 pounds; 
wax, 70,000 pounds. 

In the spring of 1903 one producer had 500 colonies of bees. His harvest was 
50,000 pounds of extracted honey. His average per colony of bees was 100 pounds. 
Many of the bee-keepers of the State averaged 200 pounds to the colony, and some 
of them even more. With her honey display at the Irrigation Congress held at 
Ogden, Utah secured the gold medal in competition with the principal honey 
producing sections of the whole country, and her exhibit at the St. Louis World's 
Fair, consisting of several tons of the product collected from all parts of the State, 
and including the delicately flavored pure white honey produced by bees from the 
constantly summer flowering alfalfa, and some of the amber shades, is bound to 
attract general attention and favor. 





Great Salt Lake — Its Contents 
and Vast Chemic Wealth 

T is a matter of common knowledge that the water of the Great 
Salt Lake is one of the most concentrated natural brines occurring 
on the face of the earth. In richness of mineral contents it is 
barely surpassed by the Dead Sea, and is but remotely approached 
by any other water body of noticeable area. 

Indeed, it is to this percentage of its waters that the lake owes 
its earliest claim to fame, a claim that antedates the time at which 
white men first trod the shores of this inland sea. As long ago as 1689 Baron 
La Hontan, a French explorer of ability and repute, heard from the aboriginal 
tribes of the Mississippi Valley strange stories of a great salt sea lying high amid 
the solitudes of the western mountains, a sea whose waters were so dense that an 
Indian could not sink therein. 

The main points of these early stories have been fully substantiated by modern 
test, and hundreds of thousands of summer tourists have learned from pleasant 
experience the marvelous buoyancy of this lake of brine. ' As to density the lake 
water is about 1.2 as heavy as pure water, carrying over one-fourth of its weight as 
dissolved solids. In such a brine it is physically impossible for the human body to 
remain submerged, and the skillful swimmer has simply to lie at full length and 
float, with a wooden block for a pillow if he so desires. 

In spite of this interesting fact, bathing in the deeper parts of the Great Salt 
Lake is not without its perils; for, if the irritating brine be drawn into the mouth 
or nostrils, strangulation — partial or complete — is certain. Furthermore, the un- 
usual force of the waves must be taken into account by the swimmer who would 
venture into the greater depths, as even a moderate disturbance of the dense water 
is accompanied by a force of impact unknown to the sea bather, and the appar- 
ently insignificant shore breakers are comparable in momentum to the ocean surf. 
-Nevertheless the skill essential to perfect safety in the briny bath which the 
lake affords, is easily acquired, and for the novice the graded depth incident to 
the uniform and gradual slope of the lake-bed insures safety and pleasure. 

The lake bottom, particularly in the vicinity of the established pleasure re- 
sorts, is an ideal bathing floor, composed as it is of the peculiar "oolitic sand" 
characteristic of the southern shores. This so-called sand consists of tiny spher- 
ules about the size of hemp seed, each round and smooth, and composed of calcium 
carbonate deposited as concentric layers about a siliceous nucleus. Such a floor is 
comfortably firm, yet pleasantly soft and elastic, equal indeed to a prepared bottom. 
The advantages of the lake as an attractive pleasure resort and as a natural 
sanitarium have been appreciated and utilized from the time of the earliest settle- 
ment of the valley by the intrepid Mormon pioneers, and in the course of later years 
imposing pavilions have been erected at the most inviting localities. The chief 
of these is the Saltair Pavilion, situated at the southern end of the lake, thirteen 
miles due west from Salt Lake City, and reached by a twenty-minute railway ride. 
The pavilion proper is built on piles in the lake itself. The buildings are fashioned 
after the Moorish style of architecture, and were erected at a cost of a quarter of 
a million dollars. They cover an area of 1,115 by 335 feet, and are clustered 
about a tower rising 130 feet above the water surface. The popularity of the lake 



GREAT SALT LAKE — ITS CHEMIC WEALTH. 



75 



as a pleasure and health resort is known the world over; and the facilities of travel 
afforded by two transcontinental lines bring hither multitudes of visitors every 
year. The lake region is reached from the east by the Union Pacific and the Rio 
Grande Western; and from the west and south by the Southern Pacific, and the 
San Pedro and Los Angeles railways. 

But the lake commands public attention by other claims than those associated 
with inspiring scenery, and its attractions for the seeker after health or pleasure. 

In the first place, guano deposits occur on some of the islands rising as moun- 
tain-tops above the present water level. This material has accumulated as a 




GREAT SALT LAKE AND PAVILION AT SALTAIR 



result of the undisturbed nesting of innumerable gulls and pelicans on some of 
the smaller islands, and the deposits are worked for the valuable fertilizers they 
contain. 

Hat, or Egg Island is the principal rookery. 

But of the lake itself, its briny waters constitute a mine of chemic riches, offer- 
ing a variety of valuable products at the minimum cost of preparation. As is 
inevitable in the case of a standing water body, subject to evaporation and devoid 
of an outlet, the amount of total solids in the lake water varies greatly in accord- 
ance with the lake's wide fluctuations in volume. This sufficiently explains the 
great discrepancies in published accounts concerning the density and composition 
of the brine. The earliest recorded analysis of the water was made on a sample 
taken in 1850 when the lake stood at a very low level. Between that time and the 
present the lake has completed a cycle of increasing volume followed by a long 
period of recession, so that at the present writing (March, 1904) the water-body 
stands at a level lower than any hitherto recorded. There is to be noted a course of 
annual variation, whereby the volume of the lake is increased or diminished by the 



76 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



seasonal relation of water supply to loss by evaporation; so that the time of the 
year at which the sample is taken is to be considered in connection with the 
analytical data, The higher water level is reached in May or June, and a low stage 
is characteristic of the later summer months. The following table is a compilation 
from authoritative reports, regarding the variable contents of dissolved solids: 



DATE OF COLLECTION 



1. 1850, 

2. 1869, Summer . . 

3. 1873, August . . . 

4. 1885, December. 

5. 1888, February. 

6. 1889, June 

7. 1889, August . . . 

8. 1892, August . . . 

9. 1892, September 

10. 1893, 

11. 1894, December. 

12. 1895, May 

13. 1900, June 

14. 1900, July 

15. 1900, August . . 

16. 1900, October. . . 

17. 1901, September 

18. 1903, October. . . 



Specific 
Gravity 



1.170 

1.111 

1.102 

1.1225 

1.1261 

1.148 

1.1569 

1.156 

1.1679 



1538 
1583 



1.1576 

1.1711 
1.1805 
1.1860 
1.1979 



TOTAL SOLIDS 



Per cent by 
weight 



22.282 
14.9934 
13.42 
16.7162 



19.5576 

20.51 

21.47 

20.05 

21.16 

21.39 

20.90 

22.89 
23.36 
24.03 
25.221 



Grams per litre 
of sample 



260.69 
166.57 
147.88 
187.65 



226.263 

238.12 

250.75 



244.144 
247.760 

241.98 

268.09 
275 765 
285.020 
302.122 



AUTHORITY 



L. D. Gale 
O. D. Allen 
H. Bassett 
J. E. Talmage 
J. E. Talmage 
J. E. Talmage 
J. E. Talmage 
E. Waller 
J. E. Talmage 
J. T. Kingsbury 
J. E. Talmage 
J. E. Talmage 
H. N. McCoy & 
Thos. Hadley 
H. W. Sheley 
H. W. Sheley 
H. W. Sheley 
L. J. Seckels 
J. E. Talmage 



The dissolved solids consist principally of sodium and magnesium salts, the 
chlorides predominating. Potassium compounds are also present, while boric and 
phosphoric acids are found in traces, and lithium occurs in quantity readily de- 
tected by spectroscopic tests. Bromine exists in the water in small amount — about 
1.4 parts per millim as the maximum quantity yet determined. Iodine has not 
been found in the brine. 

The following data show the amounts of the components in the dissolved 
solids: 

Composition of dissolved solids occurring in Salt Lake water, acids and bases theoretically 
combined, expressed in percentage of weight of samples : 



Sodium Chloride 

Sodium Sulphate 

Magnesium Chloride. 

Calcium Sulphate 

Potassium Sulphate . 
Potassium Chloride . . 

Total 



Gale 


Allen 


Bassett 


Talmage 


1850 


1869 


1873 


1885 


20.20 


11.86 


8.85 


13.586 


1.83 


0.93 


1.09 


1.421 


0.25 


1.49 


1.19 


1.129 


.... 


0.09 


0.20 


0.148 





0.53 


i!89 


0.432 


22.28 


14.99 


13.42 


16.716 



Talmage 



15.743 
1.050 
2.001 
0.279 
0.474 



19.557 



Common salt was the first and is still the chief of the useful products derived 
from the lake brine. Yet, strange as it may seem, less than a quarter of a cen- 
tury ago salt was regularly imported into Utah — an enterprise more surprising 
than the proverbial carrying of coal to Newcastle. Explanation is found in the 



GREAT SALT LAKE — ITS CHEMIC WEALTH. 77 

fact that the early methods of preparing salt from the lake were primitive and 
inefficient, so that Utah salt acquired an unenviable reputation. 

The earliest attempts at salt manufacture here consisted in impounding shallow- 
portions of the lake by dykes, and in allowing the imprisoned brine to evaporate 
under the sun's heat. Plainly the product of such treatment was not salt alone, 
but a mixture containing all the solids of the brine, sodium sulphate so plentifully 
present, and gave to this impure residue a marked efflorescent character, so that 
the salt was unfit for dairy use as it refused to remain incorporated with the butter; 
while the magnesium compounds imparted a bitter taste, thus rendering it unfit 
for the table. 

At the present time salt works of considerable importance are maintained on 
the lake shores, and the manufactured product from the best of these ranks among 




ANTELOPE ISLAND, GREAT SALT LAKE 

the purest varieties of commercial salt. The method now followed at the works 
of one of the principal companies — the largest producer in the field — is as follows: 

The lake brine is lifted by centrifugal pumps to a height of fourteen feet above 
lake level; it is then conveyed by flumes to the settling and evaporating ponds, 
which are situated from one to two miles inland. These ponds cover about four- 
teen hundred acres of land. The pumps pour into the flumes approximately four- 
teen thousand gallons of brine per minute, and are kept in operation about ten 
hours daily during the pumping season, which embraces a period of about 150 
days, beginning usually in March, By the time the ponds have been filled the 
evaporating season is well advanced, and about the same supply of water is 
required during the warmer months to maintain the level. 

A part of the pond area is used as settling basins, wherein the water deposits 
its suspended matters; thence it is conveyed to the evaporating ponds proper. 
The desiccation is accomplished by solar heat alone. When the salt has been 
deposited the mother-liquor, containing the objectionable compounds, is returned 
to the lake. An average deposit for the season is a salt layer about six inches deep. 
This affords a yield of about 900 tons per acre, giving a rate of about 150 tons 
per inch depth per acre. The salt harvest begins in late August or early Sep- 
tember. 

With the entire pond area owned by this company alone, a yearly crop of over 
a million tons may be secured at the cost of pumping and harvesting; and the 



78 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



ponds of other companies could bring the possible yield under existing facilities to 
fully one and three-quarter millions of tons. For such a supply there is no mar- 
ket; and the maximum harvest yet of record is below a quarter of a million tons. 
The coarse salt can be sold when loaded on the cars at the works at a dollar 
per ton. 

For table use the salt is refined at the works. The process consists in crush- 
ing, drying and winnowing while hot. The crude salt, after crushing, is run 
through a revolving drying cylinder, heated by steam. The dried salt falls into a 
compartment through which a blast of air is driven; this removes very completely 
the sodium sulphate and other efflorescent ingredients. The granular product 
from this stage is ground to the proper degree of fineness as required for packing, 
dairy and table use. The salt so prepared is of exceptional purity, as the follow- 
ing data will show: 

Analyses by Dr. J. E. Talmage, F. R, S. E., etc., of Salt Lake salt, samples purchased 

in the retail market: 





COMPANY A 


COMPANY B 




Refined Salt 
Per Cent. 


Table Salt 
Per Cent. 


Coarse Salt 
Per Cent. 


Table Salt 
Per Cent. 


Sodium Chloride 


98.407 
.371 
.650 
.030 
.442 
.102 


98.121 
.311 

.422 
.022 
.911 
.201 
.012 


98.101 
.322 

.364 
.021 
.952 
.214 
.026 


98.300 


Calcium Chloride , 


.345 


Calcium Sulphate 


.680 


Magnesium Sulphate 


.042 


Moisture 


.158 


Insoluble Matters 


.472 


Loss and Error 


.003 








1000.02 


100.000 


100.000 


100.000 



Next to common salt, sodium- sulphate claims attention as a profitable product 
of the lake brine. This substance is insoluble in a strong brine at low tem- 
perature, and every winter it separates spontaneously from the water as soon as a 
certain critical point of temperature — near 32 degrees F. or degree C. — is 
reached. This material is known commercially as glauber salt, and mineralogically 
as mirabilite. As it crystallizes from the brine at winter temperature, the lake 
is rendered opalescent, and the sulphate settles on the lake bed, or near shore and 
is cast up by the waves in windrow-like mass, as *sea-weed is thrown up on the 
ocean brink. As the temperature of the water rises, the glauber salt is taken 
again into solution, so that to be secured it must be removed beyond the lap of 
the waves; this is easily accomplished by the use of horse-drags. The abundance 
of deposit each year is surprising. Indeed, during the cold months a visitor to the 
lake shore has to wade through the glauber salt accumulation, sinking at each step 
to the knees. That the material so lavishly supplied approaches a state of typical 
purity is shown by the following results of analyses. For comparison it should 
be noted that chemically pure mirabilite, sodium sulphate, or glauber salt, con- 
sists of: Sodium sulphate, 44.1 per cent; water, 55.9 per cent. 

Sodium carbonate, so important in the industrial arts that without it civiliza- 
tion would not be what it is, is generally manufactured from common salt by the 
time-honored and efficient Le Blanc process, the first stage of which consists in 
converting the sodium chloride, or common salt, into sodium sulphate, or glauber 
salt, by treatment with sulphuric acid. This stage of the sodium carbonate 
preparation is here accomplished by nature, on a scale unapproachable by man; 
and the sulphate is heaped up on the shore, his for the taking. 



GREAT SALT LAKE — ITS CHEMIC WEALTH. 



79 



Analyses of mirabilite or glauber salt, collected from winter deposits on the shores of the 
Great Salt Lake, by D. J. E. Talmage, F. R. S. E. , etc. 



Sodium Sulphate . . 

Water 

Sodium Chloride (salt) 

Calcium Sulphate 

Magnesium Sulphate . . 

Insoluble Matters 

Loss and Error 



East Shore Deposit 


West Shore Deposit 


Per Cent. 


Per Cent. 


43.060 


42.325 


55.070 


55.760 


.699 


.631 


.437 


.267 


.025 


.018 


.700 


.756 


.009 


.243 



100.000 



100 000 



And should the supply thus thrown up by the waves be insufficient for the 
demand, the -lake bed can be successfully dredged during the winter months, for 
thereon falls the greater part of the sulphate deposit. Furthermore, in an earlier 
stage ol the lake history, sodium sulphate was deposited on the margin, and over 
areas now inshore in enormous quantities. In the driving of piles for Saltair 
pavilion and other lake resorts, a bed of so-called "soda," really sodium sulphate 
or glauber salt, was encountered, in thickness ranging from three to eight feet; 
and inshore excavations have proved that this bed extends far inland from the 
present lake brink. 

A factory for the preparation of sodium compounds, such as carbonate, bicar- 
bonate, hydroxide, hypo-sulphite, etc., was successfully operated years ago, but 
the enterprise was killed by the prohibitive cost of railway transportation of the 
product. The disadvantage is the incubus through which so many enterprises of 
the resourceful West have been crippled or killed. 

But the passing years bring changed conditions, and even to-day the special 
gift of the prophet is not required to predict that ere long the riches of the West 
will command and control the accumulated capital of the East. In this grand 
consummation Utah will maintain a prominent part, and the chemic riches of 
the Dead Sea of America will materially enhance the volume of the nation's wealth. 

[For a fuller account of Utah's Dead Sea, its scenic beauties, geological his- 
tory, marvelous properties, its living inhabitants, and economic importance, as also 
of its predecessor, Lake Bonneville, an inland sea as large as Lake Huron, and the 
Great Basin in general, see "The Great Salt Lake, Present and Past," by James E. 
Talmage, Ph. D., F. G. S., F. E. S. E., Professor of Geology, University of Utah.— 
The Deseret News, Salt Lake City, Utah. (25 cents.)] 




A World of Hydrocarbon 
Wealth in Utah 

'YDROCARBONS.— The chemist applies the term "hydrocarbon" 
to any compound composed entirely of the elements hydrogen and 
carbon, whether of natural occurrence or a laboratory preparation. 
The mineralogist extends the application of the term to include 
all naturally-occurring minerals consisting essentially of hydrogen 
and carbon, though possibly containing oxygen, and, in smaller 
quantity, other accessory elements. It is with the latter applica- 
tion of the term we have to deal in considering the hydrocarbon minerals of our 
State. 

A detailed classification of hydrocarbon minerals would include: 

1. Bituminous hydrocarbons. These may be subdivided as follows: 

(1) Gaseous, such as marsh gas, and natural gas. 

(2) Fluid, including naphtha and petroleum. 

(3) Viscous, comprising maltha, mineral tar, mineral pitch, etc. 

(4) Elastic, comprising elaterite and wurtzilite. 

(5) Solid, such as grahamite, uintaite and the coals. 

2. Resinous hydrocarbons, including succinate (amber), copalite, etc. 

3. Cereous hydrocarbons, to which division belong ozocerite and its allies. 

4. Crystalline hydrocarbons, comprising certain rare minerals of little im- 
portance aside from their mineralogical interest. 

To these must be added certain modified occurrences, such as (1) bituminous 
or asphaltie limestone, (2) asphaltic sand, (3) asphaltic earth, and (4) bituminous 
schists. 

All of these minerals and rock-mixtures have been made of valuable application 
to the needs of man; and their occurrence in quantity is of commanding interest. 
Utah is particularly rich in hydrocarbon deposits, and the occurrences within the 
State comprise most of the varieties tabulated above. 

The principal deposits of these minerals in Utah are found in the Uintah 
Basin, an area depressed as compared with the surrounding mountains and pla- 
teaus, yet with a floor elevated from 5,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level. The 
northern rim consists of the Uintah Mountains and the succeeding plateaus. The 
Uintahs constitute an exceptional range, comprising a single main anticlinal fold, 
and, unlike the majority of the Rocky Mountain ranges, trending east and west. 
In the south the Uintah Basin is bounded by the Roan or Book Plateau, which 
terminates in an escarpment of magnificent proportions, generally known as the 
Book Cliffs. 

Within the Uintah Basin the principal exposures, geologically speaking, are of 
comparatively recent . age — belonging mostly to the eocene-tertiary formations; 
though, within the limited areas of greater depth, as laid bare by erosion, there 
occur well defined deposits of plustocene, eocene, cretaceous, jura-trias, carbonifer- 
ous, and even archean rocks. , 

The basin is naturally divided into an eastern and western section by Green 
River, which stream traverses the greater part of the region through canyons of 
impressive dimensions cut to a depth of from 1,000 to 3,000 feet below the gen- 
eral level. 



HYDROCARBON WEALTH IN UTAH. 



81 



In the western half of this basin are found the abundant deposits of hydro- 
carbon minerals for which Utah is already famous. The principal occurrences 
known to exist in quantity consist of uintaite (gilsonite), wurtzilite, elaterite, 
ozocerite, maltha, and a great range of bituminous or asphaltic limestone, sand- 
stones and shales. 

Uintaite was named by Professor W. P. Blake in 1885. The name was given to 
a variety of asphalt from the Uintah Basin, now known as gilsonite. The name 
"uintaite" antedates "gilsonite," and is the mineralogical designation of this min- 




CLIFFS— "THE BATTLEMENTS" -NEAR PANQUITCH 



eral; nevertheless "gilsonite" is the name common in trade and commerce, and 
will probably persist. It was bestowed in honor of Mr. S. H. Gilson, a Utah 
citizen. 

Uintaite or gilsonite has been found in quantity sufficient to warrant extensive 
mining operations on the Uncompahgre Indian reservation, and on adjacent lands. 
It is the one hydrocarbon of western occurrence that can be . shipped to eastern 
centers of consumption, even under the high railway tariff at present in force. 

In the southern part of the Uintah Reservation, and on adjoining lands beyond 
its border, elaterite, and the closely related form wurtzilite, known in the trade 
as mineral caoutchouc, occurs in considerable quantity. Along the divide be- 
tween the drainage basin of Green River and that leading to the Great Salt Lake, 
particularly at or near Soldier Summit on the Rio Grande Western Railway line, 
ozocerite, or mineral wax is mined. This mineral here occurring excels in quality, 
as in the extent of its deposit, the famous deposits in Galicia and the region of the 
Caricasus. 



82 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Maltha, a viscous or tarry variety of bituminous hydrocarbon, is found nat- 
urally welling forth upon the surface, or reached by shallow and inexpensive work- 
ings, at many places between Spanish Fork and Soldier Summit, as also northeast 
of Castle Gate in Emma Park. 

Asphaltic limestones are mined between Soldier Creek and Strawberry Valley, 
and their outcrop is particularly marked in the vicinity of Tucker (Clear Creek 
Station on the Bio Grande Western Eailway). 

Asphaltic sandstones are common in the valleys within the western half of the 
Uintah Basin. In the Ashley Valley they are extensively worked as a source of 
cheap and excellent paving material. The town of Vernal, Uinta County, small 
and isolated as it is, boasts of paved streets and asphalt boulevards such as would 
be a credit to metropolitan cities. The material is broken into lumps of small 
size, laid down upon the roadway and reduced to a level surface by hot rollers. 

Of the hydrocarbons occurring in the Uintah Basin, and in Utah as a whole, 
by all means the most important under present conditions is uintaite, heretofore 
specified as the gilsonite of commerce and trade. This mineral is a black sub- 
stance, of brilliant luster and conchoidal fracture, suggestive of solidified pitch. 
On exposure it loses its brilliant luster and becomes dead black, but the change 
ordinarily extends to an insignificant depth only. 

In the vein the mineral is of columnar structure, the long axes of the columns 
being at right angles to the inclosing walls, thus indicating a heated injucture 
subsequently cooled. 

Uintaite (gilsonite) occurs as true veins, that is, as fillings of fissures which 
cut through the sedimentary formation of the region. In one sense these veins 
should be regarded as dykes, inasmuch as the filling has resulted from injection 
of material in a molten or plastic state, and not by slow deposition from solutions. 
It is not within the scope of the present article to discuss the probable mode of 
deposit, or to deal with the theories of origin of these occurrences, however inter- 
esting and attractive such a topic may be. The fact is that we find within the 
Uintah Basin true veins or fillings of pre-existing fissures, the contents of which 
are hydrocarbons of value and use. Of these deposits uintaite (gilsonite) is' in such 
demand that it can be mined, sacked and shipped at a profit, in the face of strenu- 
ous competition in Eastern markets. 

Chemical analysis shows typical uintaite to consist of: 

Volatile matter 56 . 46$ 

Fixed residue 43 43 

Ash . ^ 

99.99 
Ultimate analysis reveals as the components: 

Carbon 98.30 

Hydrogen 9.96 

Sulphur 1 .32 

Ash 10 

Oxygen and Nitrogen (undetermined) .32 

100.00 

While uintaite (gilsonite) as it occurs in nature is brittle, by proper treatment 
it becomes sufficiently coherent to serve as the chief ingredient in prepared var- 
nishes and japans. For these purposes it is heated with linseed oil and thinned 
with turpentine. The uses of the material, as enumerated in the United States 
Government reports, are as follows: 

For coating ship bottoms to prevent electrolytic action; for coating barb wire 
fences, etc.; for coating sea-walls of brick or masonry; for covering paving brick; 



HYDROCARBON WEALTH IN UTAH. 83 

for acid-proof lining of chemical tanks; for roofing pitch; for insulating electric 
wires; for smokestack paint; for lubricants of machinery; for preserving iron 
pipes from corrosion and acids; for coating poles, posts and ties; for teredo-proof 
pile coating; for covering wood-block paving; for the manufacture of Cotton gar- 
den hose, as a substitute for rubber; for the manufacture of brickette and com- 
pressed coal slack, as a binder pitch. 

It is generally known that the principal supplies of hydrocarbon minerals for 
use in the United States are derived from Trinidad. Water transportation is so 
much cheaper than shipment by rail that the foreign product has been imported 
at a lower cost than that required for the delivery of the Utah minerals at the 
centers of consumption. This is the sole and sufficient explanation of the com- 
paratively small demand for the Western hydrocarbons. Gilsonite (uintaite), 
however, is of a quality to command recognition even in the face of cheap im- 
portation of the inferior materials. The principal occurrences of this mineral 
in the Uintah Basin are as follows: 

The Duchesne vein, located within three miles of Fort Duchesne. This is a 
nearly vertical vein, traceable by surface outcrop for about three miles on its 
strike, with an average width of one and one-half feet, reaching in places a breadth 
of from three to four feet. 

The Culmer vein, averaging fourteen inches in thickness, has been prospected 
for a distance of over two miles on its strike. 

The Seaboldt vein, parallel with the Culmer, and averages a foot in width. 
To these must be added: 

The Bonanza and Cowboy group of claims, which are to be counted among 
the most important and promising of all the deposits of uintaite in the region 
under description. The outcrops may be traced for miles, and the product is of 
the highest quality. The Bonanza vein attains a maximum width of ten feet, and 
on the Cowboy a breadth of eighteen feet has been observed. From this point 
of greatest width it maintains a breadth of ten to twelve feet for a distance of 
about three miles. 

The Black Dragon vein shows a width of from eight to nine feet. This is 
located near Upper Evacuative Creek. The enclosing walls, which are prac- 
tically vertical, are impregnated with the hydrocarbon deposits to a distance of 
from a foot to three feet from the vein proper. 

Beside the veins specifically named, there are many others, approximately 
parallel in course and dip, but at present exploited only to slight extent. 

Of the allied hydrocarbons, wurtzilite, elaterite, ozocerite and maltha, as well as 
an extended series of bituminous (asphaltic) sandstones, limestones and shales, 
it 'is to be said that in spite of their abundance and accessible occurrence, they are 
at present used for local application only, owing to the prohibitive tariff of railway 
transportation. 

Gilsonite (uintaite) and its hydrocarbon allies occur elsewhere in Utah. The 
former is profitably mined in Wasatch County, and bituminuos limestone is pro- 
duced in paying quantities in Utah County. The production of uintaite alone 
averages in amount from one to two thousand tons per year. It is profitably 
shipped to the railway by the otherwise light-going freight teams plying between 
Vernal and Price. 

Demonstrated facts warrant the statement that the hydrocarbon deposits of 
Utah surpass in variety, purity and extent all other recorded occurrences. They 
outcrop in a manner conducive to cheap mining, and transportation facilities alone 
are lacking to make the deposits a bonanza of wealth to the owners and a cheap 
source of valuable and most desirable material to the consumer. 

These deposits are known to extend far beyond the limits of the Uintah Basin. 



84 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



As far south as St. George, Washington County, and at numerous intermediate 
points asphaltum of many varieties has teen found; and during recent months 
deposits of maltha and heavy petroleum have been discovered within the Salt 
Lake basin, in fact on the very margin of this briny sea. 

Exploitation in search of petroleum, stimulated by many oil "signs," is being 
prosecuted both in the Uintah Basin and elsewhere in the State. Many natural 
occurrences of heavy oils are known and located; and the extensive deposits of 




CITY AND COUNTY BUILDING SALT LAKE CITY 



bituminous and oil-bearing shales in Juab and Grand Counties are controlled by 
companies organized to distil the oil from the asphaltic and paraffine-bearing 
rocks. 

At present extensive prospecting and experimental tests are in progress to 
demonstrate the presence or absence of oil in the bituminous deposits of Utah. 
Such operations are in progress in Grand, Juab and Uintah Counties, as also in 
the region immediately bordering the Great Salt Lake. 

However, the question of Utah's claim to distinction as a region of oil occur- 
rences is to be treated in a special article. The same may be said of coal, which 
substance while an undoubted hydrocarbon according to the classification adopted 
by the chemist and mineralogist, is not so classed in the popular mind. The coals 
of Utah are of later date than the anthracitic and bituminous deposits of the East, 
yet they compare favorably in composition and calorific qualities with the best 
deposits of their kind. 



HYDROCARBON WEALTH IN UTAH. 85 

Utah is particularly rich in hydrocarbon deposits of practically all important 
kinds. The lack of a market that can be reached at a moderate cost for trans- 
portation is the sole requisite to the pre-eminence of the State as a producer of 
hydrocarbon minerals of many kinds. 

For further information see Eldredge's Eeports in the 17th and 22nd Annual 
Eeports, U. S. G. S., on hydrocarbons in general, and particularly on Utah occur- 
rences. 

Oils 

If opinions of geological experts go for anything, a great petroleum field will 
one day be developed in Utah. The presence of the fluid in the State is demon- 
strated in many sections by oil springs and outseeps, some of which, by a little 
development have been made to produce from a half barrel to two barrels of crude 
oil per day. The quality of this oil is graded from the lower grade asphalt crude 
to the highest grade of the mineral in the form of paraffine base petroleums. 
These seeps appear from Cache County on the north to San Juan County on the 
south. But until recently very little work in the line of development in the 
neighborhood of any of them has been attempted. It is not alone to the seeps 
and springs that the experts have been attracted. Where the formations have 
been broken by upheavals, or cut by erosions, great strata of oil sand have been 
exposed, which yet contain such quantities of petroleum as to prove beyond ques- 
tion that at one time at least they have contained enormous quantities of the fluid. 
Great shale beds have also been found so rich in mineral oil that they rival the 
famous shales of Scotland, from which such enormous quantities of oil have been 
extracted. 

The first section of the State to attract the attention of the oil men lies in 
the eastern central portion, covering three counties (Carbon, Grand and Emery), 
and lapping over into Utah County, the one just below Salt Lake County. Three 
great anticlinal folds pass through this country. On the apex of each can be traced 
for miles the oil sands mentioned above, and along which oil springs and oil seeps 
occur with great frequency. So great are these in number that over three hundred 
have been located. The late P. Y. Knight, State geologist of Wyoming, and a 
noted oil expert, divides the central Utah field into three great basins. The 
central basin has its lowest portion in the Green Eiver Valley in the midst of the 
noted Book Cliffs. Another has for its eastern and southern rim the Henry 
Mountains, while the third finds its center in the Uintah Indian Eeservation. 

In none of these has any development work at depth been done. Several wells 
have been started and are now in the process of drilling. Few of these have got 
below the first carboniferous geological age, and not one of them has attained a 
depth great enough to encounter the oil sands. 

An oil field detached from all the others has been partially opened up in the 
canyon of the San Juan Eiver, in the county of the same name. This San Juan 
Eiver is a tributary of the Colorado and in eating its way through the formations 
it has exposed several very rich oil sands. The lower sand is just below the level 
of the river and several shallow wells have been sunk tapping the sand. Some of 
these wells are merely shafts sunk for a depth of less than twenty-five feet, and 
are producing a considerable quantity of very high grade paraffine base petroleum. 
The difficulty of the development of this field lies in the fact that it is so far 
away from means of transportation, and the country surrounding it is in character 
so rough as to render it nearly inaccessible. 

The field now attracting the greatest attention lies in the valley of the Great 
Salt Lake, and extends from Salt Lake City north to Promontory, nearly seventy- 
five miles, and then follows the shore line south along the west side of the Lake. 



86 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Conditions here are very similar to those obtaining in the Baku oil fields, and 
along the Caspian Sea, Russia. In the lake south of the Promontory several oil 
springs have been vomiting asphaltum oil into water for ages. So great has this 
discharge been that several asphaltum islands have been formed. Springs which 
produce petroleum also exist in Salt Lake City itself, and the shore line of the lake 
has been rendered uneven by countless gas mounds, while gas issues from almost 
every water well sunk in the district. On Antelope Island, in the lake, a fissure 
in the rocks exposes a great amount of asphaltum which has been forced up from 
below. 

The valley of the Great Salt Lake is the geological as well as the geographical 
basin of northern Utah. The Great Salt Lake itself is the wraith of the once 
mighty Lake Bonneville, whose shore line can be traced through the mountains 
for hundreds of miles. Dr. Jas. E. Talmage, geologist of the State University, 
who has made a close study of this lake bottom, says that the former waters of the 
great Lake Bonneville disappeared almost entirely by evaporation, and that during 
this process a great many morasses were formed where marine vegetation was very 
rank. Animal life in the form of fish and reptile was likewise abundant. At the 
time of the upheaval which formed the basin by throwing up the Wasatch range 
of mountains and the Sierra Nevada mountains, which forms the rims of the 
Great Basin, the depression was very great. This depression has gradually been 
filled by the erosion of the mountains until the made land in certain sections is 
estimated to be 2,000 feet deep. By this means the vegetable and animal matter 
has been covered up, and after decomposition has been recomposed under the 
influence of salt water, which is in accordance with a popular theory of the forma- 
tion of the hydrocarbons. 

Prof. Cowel, of the land department of the Standard Oil Company, who visited 
the valley shortly after a trip made by him to the Russian oil fields, stated that the 
conditions here were so like those at Baku that he felt certain that this region 
would some day be developed into a great oil field. 

The oil in the Salt Lake Valley cannot be a paraffine base, as everything 
points to it being of a character similar to that found in California, possibly con- 
taining a greater amount of the distillants, but yet an asphalt oil. 

Several important Eastern oil operators are already in this field sinking for oil, 
and many other operators are securing holdings with the avowed intention of 
driving wells. That the valley will be prolific in gas has already been demon- 
strated; that the opinions of experts will be realized by anticipated discoveries 
remains at the present time to be proven. 

Another field, and one which is as yet untouched, is in the most northernly 
county of the State (Cache County). The presence of natural gas in this field is 
beyond question. Explosions of gas occur there frequently, and a well driven in 
the neighborhood threw out enormous quantities of rock. Conditions there are 
somewhat the same as those in the Salt Lake Valley, since Cache Valley was 
beyond question at one time the bed of a mountain lake. Gas "blow outs" of 
fearful dimensions are present in the section, but these have attracted the attention 
of oil men only within the past year. 

To sum up the oil situation in Utah, it may be said that the surface indica- 
tions seem to show several great oil fields, but development work has scarcely 
started, so that the presence of petroleum in the State in paying quantities is yet 
to be demonstrated by the drill. 

Oil Shales 

From the vast beds of shale or hydrocarbon rock found in many parts of 
Utah, there promise soon to be developed divers and extensive commercial enter- 



HYDROCARBON WEALTH IN UTAH. 87 

prises. These beds are found in Utah County, from whence they extend east- 
ward, often in broken bodies, to the Colorado line, cutting the Uintah Reservation 
in their course. They also appear in Sanpete, Juab and San Juan Counties, and 
in other localities to a greater or less extent. The tonnage of these shales is 
beyond computation and the supply is practically inexhaustible. They are sedi- 
mentary deposits, lying in blanket form with a dip generally of about twenty 
degrees from a horizontal position. These bedded veins vary in thickness from 
five to sixty feet, and often several strata cover the same territory, one above an- 
other. From surface outcroppings along the strike of the veins and where they 
are cut by canyons, an unbroken body of the shale can be frequently traced for 
miles. 

When it is considered that these rocks hold approximately 48 per cent, oil, it 
can be readily understood that in them is contained, although now in an unprofit- 
able form, the largest quantity of petroleum yet discovered in mother earth. These 
oils, though in a refractory form and held persistently by the rock, are of excellent 
quality and include every grade of petroleum, from petroleum ether to the heaviest 
of mineral waxes. Containing approximately three barrels of oil, of 40 gallons 
each, to the ton, the rock is capable of producing more heat than a like weight of 
coal. It burns readily. When the hydrocarbons are burned, the residue does not 
disintegrate like ordinary ashes, but remains the same shape as before burning, 
so that the shales cannot be used in the ordinary form of grates for fuel. Another 
disadvantage, which is equivalent to a loss, found in attempting to burn the rock 
for heat producing purposes, is the unusual amount of heavy smoke produced, the 
result of imperfect combustion, caused by the mixture of so many grades of oil, 
the light oils in burning taking off the heavy oils in smoke. 

The containing rock and the oils form a complete mechanical mixture to the 
minutest particles. To separate them so as to secure a liquid, many attempts, with 
heretofore discouraging results, have been made at a cost of much time, money 
and unrewarded anxiety. 

To secure this separation by pressure is evidently impossible, for the stuff has 
already been subjected to greater pressure by nature than human ingenuity can 
devise; to effect it by leaching would require an agent sufficiently powerful to 
reduce to a slime over a half ton of rock for every three barrels of oil produced, 
and a solvent for the hydrocarbons beside. Neither of these agents has yet been 
found. The only method remaining is distillation, and by this method Mr. S. L. 
Hague claims to have solved the problem of releasing and saving these oils. His 
process, as he puts it, is not complex, but in its operation it must be exact and 
conform strictly to the conditions that exist. 

These hydrocarbons, when subjected to heat, begin to volatilize below boiling 
heat and are not all changed to vapor until a temperature approaching 1,300 
degrees Fahrenheit is reached, so that to expel the oils from the shale, tempera- 
tures are required that cover a range of about 1,100 degrees. When it is remem- 
bered that, if vapors are subjected to heat much in excess of that required to form 
them, permanent gases that will not condense are made, part of the difficulties 
encountered in making oil from shale become apparent. It may also be stated 
that oils volatilizing at high temperatures will condense at correspondingly high 
temperatures; that is, a temperature at which vapor formed from a heavy oil will 
condense, is a much higher degree than is required to form vapor from a lighter oil. 

In order to convert these hydrocarbons to vapors it is essential that the shale 
be pulverized; otherwise, if treated in lumps, when a heat is obtained sufficient to 
volatilize the heavy oils at the surface, its intensity will be such as to convert the 
vapors from the lighter oils within into permanent gases. When permanent gases 
,are produced the making of oils practically ceases, as the gases, being lighter, 



88 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

ascend to the top of the retort and, being expansive like steam, press the vapors 
down and prevent them from escaping. 

In order then to obtain oil, the pulverized shale is passed through a retort by 
means of a conveyor and the retort is subjected to the simultaneous application of 
a series of temperatures along its outer surface, the shale passing from the cooler 
toward the hotter end of the retort. The degrees of heat conform substantially to 
the requirements of every grade of oil found in the material being treated. The 
interior of the retort above the pulverized shale is divided into compartments by 
partitions over and partially around the conveyor. From the different compart- 
ments the vapors are forced into separate condensers, the object being to avoid 
making gases by increased heat, to avoid condensation within the retort, and to 
secure, in a measure, fractional distillation. 

When the rapidly increasing uses of petroleum are considered, the future im- 
portance and value of these shales will prove evident. 

The residue from these rocks, after the hydrocarbons have been expelled, will, 
in some and probably in many instances, be of value, so that in their treatment 
there will be practically no waste. 

A body of the shale at Tucker, Utah, when burned, produces a perfect natural 
cement. Other deposits on being tested may and probably will produce material 
for brick, tiling, pottery and other earthen products. 

In burning the rocks without resorting to distillation, as can be done in making 
cement, where no other fuel than the hydrocarbons as they appear in the rock, is 
needed, a superior lamp-black can be saved from the cost in the manufacture of 
cement. 

The generally accepted theory for the presence of the hydrocarbons in the shale, 
and it is a reasonable one since it conforms to the conditions that exist, is that the 
hydrocarbons were forced by heat from greater depth through fissure veins, either 
in liquid or vapor form, and absorbed by the rock. In the fissure veins beneath 
the shales are found mineral waxes, including gilsomte, grahamite, elaterite, al- 
bertite, and many other varieties, some of which are as yet unclassified. These 
waxes are the residue of oil and are yearly coming into more general use. The 
presence of the waxes under these circumstances is identical with the conditions 
sometimes found in an oil well, when torpedoes are used to expel the accumulated 
residue. 



Coal Resources of Utah 



[ By Robert Forrester. ] 

History. — The early history of coal in Utah is closely associated with the 
first settlement of the State. In 1851 George Wood discovered coal near Cedar 
City, Iron County; in 1853 Captain Gunnison mentions coal in what is now Emery 
County; in 1855 Brigham Young, the governor of the State, tells of the discovery 
of coal in San Pete County. Immediately after the last discovery, steps were 
taken to mine this coal and place the same upon the market, as is shown by the 
following copy of the first ad- 
vertisement of coal within 
the State of Utah. This ad- 
vertisement appeared in The 
Deseret News of June 6th, 
1855: 

"As some of the brethern 
in San Pete are mining in 
the newly discovered coal 
bed, and will soon be hauling 
coal into this city (Salt Lake 
City) for sale, all who wish to 
purchase are requested, at 
the earliest opportunity, to 
leave their names at Gov- 
ernor Young's office, with the 
quantity they wish to buy, 
the kind of pay they intend 
to offer, and the time they 
require in which to make 
payments. The price will be 
determined as soon as the 
colliers and wagoners can 
learn the cost of mining and 
hauling, and then it can be 
decided whether coal or wood 
can be afforded at the cheap- 
est rates; but in either event 
it will be politic to encourage 
the trade, for though wood 
may be more readily procured 
by some, still there are 
blacksmiths and many others who will doubtless prove coal to be the most eco- 
nomical fuel for their use, and it is anticipated that in a short time it will be much 
the cheapest." 

In 1864 coal was discovered in Summit County, at Coalville, and by 1867 
coal had been found pretty generally distributed throughout the present known coal 
areas of the State, as the reader will note from the following, published in 1867: 

"The eastern part of the Territory (now State of Utah) contains large seams 
of coal. As it has been found as far south as Pahranagat and at San Pete, it is not 
improbable that it abounds in many parts of the Green River valley. The coal 
from Pahranagat is found about three hundred miles southwest from Salt Lake 




MOUTH OF CLEAR CREEK MINE 
14 Foot Vein of Coal 



90 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



City; that from San Pete about one hundred and twenty miles. These discoveries 
tend to justify the conclusion that coal exists in large quantities in the Territory/' 

From this time on mines opened throughout the State, until at the present 
time one hundred and thirty-eight mines are reported by the State mine inspector, 
the great majority of which, however, are only supplying the local demand in 
the vicinity of the openings. 

Production. — Prior to 1876 no statistics of the amount of coal produced has 
been made up. From that year to the present time the amount is shown in the 
subjoined table: 

PRODUCTION OF COAL IN UTAH 



YEAR 


AMOUNT 


YEAR 


AMOUNT 


YEAR 


AMOUNT 


1876 


50,400 


Br't Fwd. 


1,806,120 


Br't Fwd. 


4,577,546 


1877 


50,400 


1886 


200,000 


1895 


471,856 


1878 


67,200 


1887 


180,021 


1896 


418,627 


1879 


225,000 


1888 


259,501 


1897 


521,560 


1880 


225,000 


1889 


236,651 


1898 


593,709 


1881 


225,000 


1890 


318,159 


1899 


786,049 


1882 


250,000 


1891 


371,045 


1900 


1,224,156 


1883 


250,000 


1892 


361,314 


1901 


1,382,470 


1884 


250,000 


1893 


413,205 


1902 


1,638,829 


1885 


213,120 


1894 


431,530 


1903 


1.762,178 


Car. Fwd. 


1,806,120 


Car. Fwd. 


4,577,546 


Total, 


13,376,980 



For the last four years the output by counties is as follows: 



COUNTY 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


Carbon 

Summit 


1,085,374 

75,252 

530 

3,500 

250 

5,500 

, 6,500 

47,250 


1,263,886 
55,249 

"2,585 

" 1,500 

7,750 
51,500 


1,526,387 
49,841 

"7,90i 

i,ibb 
53*666 


1,596,027 
66,411 

' 16', 450 

1,000 

13,290 

10,000 

64,700 


Grand 

San Pete 


Iron 

Emery 


Uintah 

Other Small Mines 




Totals 


1,224,156 


1,382,470 


1,638,829 


1,762,178 



DISTRIBUTION OF COAL PRODUCED IN UTAH 



YEAR 


Loaded at 
Mines for 
Shipment 


Sold to Local 
Trade and 
Employes 


Used at Mine 
for Steam 
and Heat 


Made Into 
Coke 


Total 
Production 


Total 
Value 


Average 

Price per 

Ton 


1991 


315,711 
321,431 
350,423 
364,675 
376,479 
340,338 
324,770 
385,716 
753,881 
1,082,723 
1,272,848 


8,233 

6,775 

7,649 

11,173 

25,097 

9,171 

22,667 

11,542 

13,303 

17,355 

18,333 


21,650 

6,509 

4,258 

6,892 

7,253 

7,411 

9,198 

9,845 

13,046 

18,650 

30,446 


25,451 
26,298 
50,875 
48,810 
63,027 
61,707 
64,925 
86,606 
5,819 
28,299 
987 


371,045 
361,013 
413,205 
431,550 
471,836 
418,627 
521,560 
593,709 
786,049 
1,147,027 
1,322,614 


$ 666,646 
562,625 
611,091 
603,479 
617,349 
500,547 
618,230 
752,252 
997,271 
1,447,027 
1,666,082 


$1.80 


1892 


1.56 


1893 


1.48 


1894 


1.40 


1895 


1.31 


1896 


1.20 


1897 


1.19 


1898 


1.27 


1899 


1.27 


1900 ■ 


1.26 


1901 


1.26 


1902. 















COAL RESOURCES OF UTAH. 
COAL PRODUCT OF UTAH IN 1899 BY COUNTIES 



91 



COUNTY 


Loaded at 
Mines for 
Shipment 


Sold to Local 
Trade and 
Employes 


Used at Mine 
for Steam 
and Heat 


Made Into 
Coke 


Total 
Production 


Total 
Value 


Average 

Price per 

Ton 


Carbon 

Iron 


719,544 
*3ii262 

3,075 


4,972 

629 

1,554 

5,478 

670 


10,000 
' 3,046 


5,819 


740,335 

629 

35,862 

5,478 

3,745 


$926,523 

1,442 

50,748 

12,214 

6,744 
$997,671 


$1.25 
2.29 


Summit 

Uinta 


1.41 
2.23 


Emery and San 
Pete 


1.69 


Total 


753,881 


13,303 


13,046 


5,819 


786,049 


$1,27 



The production for this year (1899) is thirty-two per cent, over that for 1898. 
The value increased proportionately, however, there was no advance in price. 

Of the coal produced in Utah, Carbon County has, in 1898 and 1899, produced 
nearly ninety-five per cent. 



COAL PRODUCT OF UTAH IN 1900 BY COUNTIES 



COUNTY 


Loaded at 
Mines for 
Shipment 


Sold to Local 
Trade and 
Employes 


Used at Mine 
for Steam 
and Heat 


Made Into 
Coke 


Total 
Production 


Total 
Value 


Average 

Price per 

Ton 


Carbon 

Iron 

Summit 

Uinta 

Emery and San 
Pete 


1,036,951 
42^222 

3,550 


7,145 

661 

4,818 

3,816 

915 


14,965 

10 

3,650 

25 


28,299 


1,087,360 

671 

50,690 

3,841 

4,465 


$1,360,835 

1,527 

70,404 

6,504 

8,480 


$1.25 

2.28 
1.39 
1.69 

1.90 


Total 


1,082,723 


17,355 


18,650 


28,299 


1,147,027 


$1,447,750 


$1.26 



The output for the State has this year reached 1,000,000 tons for the first 
time in its history — an increase of about forty-six per cent. Carbon County still 
stands at the head of coal mining counties, with a credit of ninety-five per cent, 
of the total production of the State. 



COAL PRODUCTION OF UTAH IN 1901 BY COUNTIES 



COUNTY 


Loaded at 
Mines for 
Shipment 


Sold to Local 
Trade and 
Employes 


Used at Mine 
for Steam 
and Heat 


Made into 
Coke 


Total 
Production 


Total 
Value 


Average 

Price per 

Ton 


Carbon 

Summit 

Uinta ' 

Emery and San 
Pete 


1,225,179 
45,184 

2,485 


6,824 
3,542 
6,068 

1,899 


26,257 
4,161 

8 

20 


987 


1,259,247 

52,887 

6,076 

4,404 


$1,574,168 

73,564 

9.546 

8,804 


$1.25 
1.39 
1.57 

2.00 


Total 


1,272,848 


18,333 


30,446 


987 


1,322,614 


$1,666,082 


$1.26 



The increase of production for 1901 over that of 1900 is nearly fifteen per 
cent., and Carbon County still comes to the front with an output of ninety-five 
per cent, of the total production of coal in the State. 



92 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



IMPORTS, EXPORTS AND CONSUMPTION OF COAL AND COKE IN UTAH FOR 

THE LAST FIVE YEARS. 

COAL 





1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


Produced in Utah 


786,049 
291,831 
522,536 
555,344 


1,224,156 
344,818 
606,608 
962,366 


1,382,470 
342,395 
648,081 

1,076,784 


1,638,829 
403,190 
755,060 

1,286,959 


1,762,178 
343,314 
817,954 


Imports into Utah 


Exports from Utah 

Consumed in Utah 






COKE 




1899 


1900 


1901 


1902 


1903 


Produced in Utah 


26,671 
20,473 

47,144 


35,013 

4,032 

1,869 

37,176 


50,620 
2,800 
2,569 

50,851 


139,765 

1,730 

55,906 

85,589 


162,204 

4,250 

48,661 

117,793 


Imports into Utah 

Exports from Utah 

Consumed in Utah 





Coal of workable thickness is found in the Tertiary, the Laramie, the Bear 
River Laramie, and the Dakota formations, and the coal found in these divisions 
has been more or less worked in different portions of Utah. 

In descending order, the localities of which mines are operated and the geo- 
logical horizons in which they occur are: 

Tertiary. — The coal in this group was the first to be worked in the Terri- 
tory. In 1855, near the small town of Wales, in San Pete County, a small mine 
was opened, and Captain Simpson speaks of it in 1857 as supplying coal to all 
the settlements and blacksmiths far and near. In 1857 an attempt was made to 
make coke from this coal, and the experiments were continued intermittently till 
1877. By crucible tests this coal afforded as high as sixty per cent, of coke, but 
in practice in Coppee coke ovens the production of coke never exceeded fifty per 
cent. Even then, owing to its poor quality and high percentage of ash, it was 
difficult to find a market for it, and coke making was finally abandoned in 1877. 

The analyses of this coal and coke give: 





COAL 


COAL 


COKE 


Moisture 


1.16 
32.91 
54.75 
11.18 


2.05 
31.08 
49.85 
17.02 


3.30 


Volatile Matter 


5.05 


Fixed Carbon 


67.10 


Ash 


24.55 






Totals 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 







This same coal is also worked in Lake Fork, a tributary of the Spanish Fork, 
in Utah County, and sold to the settlements in Utah Valley. This coal again is 
worked near Henry ville, in Garfield County, and attains its maximum thickness 
at this place, being about twelve feet thick. 

Laramie. — This formation contains the greatest development of coal in Utah, 
and its distribution extends from Summit County in the north to Iron County in 
the south. The mines in and around Coalville are operated upon a coal bed from 
8 feet to 10 feet thick, which occupies the division line between the Laramie and 
Fox Hill, the Laramie fossils being found in the roof of the coal, while Fox Hill 
fossils are found in the floor. 



COAL RESOURCES OF UTAH. 



93 



In this district there are two mines, which combined produce from 50,000 
to 75,000 tons a year, namely, the Grass Creek and Chalk Creek mines. The 
analyses of this coal is fairly represented in the subjoined table: 





Grass Creek 


Chalk Creek 


Moisture 


8.97 
43.54 
45.48 

3.90 


9.00 
41.58 
46.03 

3.37 


4.30 

46.37 
38.90 
10.32 


6.50 


Volatile Matter 

Fixed Carbon 


41.70 
44.80 


Ash 


7.00 






Totals 


101.89 
2.11 


99.98 
2.06 


99.89 


100.00 


Sulphur 





In Carbon County large mines are operating at Winter Quarters, where the 
coal is from 9 feet to 18 feet thick, with an analysis as follows: 

Moisture 3.20 

Volatile Matter 45.67 

Fixed Carbon 47.22 

Ash 3.35 

Sulphur 0.56 

Total 100.00 

At Scofield, where the coal is 28 feet 6 inches thick, and having the following 
composition: 

Moisture 5.00 

Volatile Matter 45.37 

Fixed Carbon 45. 23 

Ash 4.40 

Total 100.00 

Sulphur 73 

At Clear Creek, where the coal has a thickness of 14 feet, and a chemical 
composition as follows: • 

Moisture 3.42 

Volatile Matter 43.56 

Fixed Carbon 48.38 

Ash 4.64 

Total 100.00 

Sulphur 68 

At Castle Gate, where the coal varies from 5 feet to 10 feet in thickness. An 
analysis shows: 

Moisture 1.68 

Volatile Matter 44.29 

Fixed Carbon 48.65 

Ash 5.38 

Total 100.00 

Sulphur 47 

And at Sunnyside, where the coal shows the same variation as at Castle Gate, 
and the following analysis: 

Moisture 98 

Volatile Matter 39.54 

Fixed Carbon 57.84 

Ash 1.64 

Total 100.00 

Sulphur 55 



94 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



There are in the same county several small mines operating to supply the 
local demands, and they also are operating upon the same vein. 

The same measures extend through Grand County, from Green River to the 
Colorado-Utah line, and also through Emery County, in both of which Counties 
there are a number of small mines operated for the supply of the local demand. 




VEIN OF COAL EIGHT TO NINE FEET THICK 
Exposed in Huntington Canyon. Utah 



The same measures are exposed in Sevier County, but there are no mines that 
have been opened, although a good deal of prospect work has been done exposing 
good, thick, workable veins. 

In San Pete County, at Morrison, a few miles south of Manti, the same coal 
is found and is operated by the Sterling Coal & Coke Company, of which the 
following analyses show the average composition: 



COAL RESOURCES OF UTAH. 



95 





TOP COAL 


MIDDLE COAL 


BOTTOM COAL 


Moisture 


7.07 
43.18 
44.07 

5.68 


7.15 

42.74 

45.60 

4.31 


6.38 


Volatile Matter 


42.60 


Fixed Carbon 


45.46 


Ash 


5.56 






Totals 


100.00 


100.00 


100.00 



In Iron County this same coal series is found near the top and skirting the 
southern and eastern edge of the Pahranahat Plateau. Here the thickness runs 
from 6 feet to 18 feet, the average composition of which is found in the following 
table: 

ANALYSES OF COAL FROM NEAR CEDAR CITY, UTAH 



Leyson Claim . . . 

Woods Claim 

Walker No. 2... 
Lone Tree Claim 
Pollock Claim... 







VOLATILE MATTER 






Specific 
Gravity 


Sulphur 


Moisture 


Other 

Volatile 

Matter 


Fixed 
Carbon 


Ash 


Per cent 


Per cent 


Per cent 


Per cent 


Per cent 


Per cent 


1.34 


1.79 


4.50 


39.90 


45.47 


10.12 


1.34 


(a) 


3.33 


41.62 


47.37 


7.67 


1.36 


2.36 


4.12 


40.15 


45.82 


9.90 


1.31 


2.45 


8.17 


38.55 


47.27 


6.00 


1.35 


(a) 


7.87 


38.15 


46.25 


7.72 



Carbon in 
Volatile 
Matter 

Per cent 

22.62 
24.54 
23.47 
21.09 
20.17 



a No determination made. 

In the foothills of the Henry Mountains coal of this same series is found 
immediately beneath the blue gate sandstone. Owing to the proximity to igneous 
intrusions, it is in places altered to an anthracite, but being far distant (about 
100 miles) from any existing railroad, and out of the possible line of future rail- 
roads, this field is not receiving much, if any, attention from any one interested 
in coal. The analysis shows an excellent grade of anthracite, which would be 
very acceptable to the fuel consumers of Utah and the surrounding States; still 
it would require a very large outlay to reach it with a railroad and open up mines 
ready for the supply of the trade. 

Bear River Laramie. — The coal of this formation commences upon the Muddy 
Creek in Emery County, and extends in a sinuous line to Cainville, swings around 
the Henry Mountains to the south, and crosses the Pahriah River and Virgin 
River, Zion Creek, a tributary of the Virgin, and skirts the east side of the Pinto 
Mountains from New Harmony to near St. George. The writer has been on this 
coal at intervals throughout its entire exposure of outcrop, and finds it from 6 feet 
to 22 feet 6 inches in thickness, but as a rule finds it somewhat inferior in quality. 
Near New Harmony, owing to proximity to the eruptives, it has been altered to an 
anthracite. Many years ago some prospect work was done upon this anthracite 
exposure, and at the present time Mr. Robert A. Kirker is developing this bed 
rather energetically, but with what success the writer is not familiar at the present 
time. Mr. Kirker claims that he has two veins of anthracite, each of them four feet 
thick. According to an analysis furnished by Mr. Kirker, it has the following 
composition: 

Moisture 1-28 

Volatile Matter 12.58 

Fixed Carbon 70.11 

Sulphur • • 4. 38 

Ash • 11-65 

Total 100.00 



96 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



An anaylsis of the unaltered coal of this group gave the writer the following: 
Moisture 15.04 Ash 7.00 

SrS 6 " IHt Total 100.00 

FixedCarbon 41.82 Sulphur 2.07 

Dakota. — The coal of this group has its greatest development in the vicinity 
of Vernal in Uintah County, and is there worked to an extent of from 5,000 
to 10,000 tons a year, all of which is sold to the settlers of Vernal and the sur- 
rounding country. 
Fort DuChesne is also 
supplied from this 
source. 

This same coal is 
found in Grand Coun- 
ty, but it does not 
seem to occur in veins 
thick enough for min- 
ing operations. 

When the Denver 
& NorthWestern Kail- 
way, the San Pedro, 
Los Angeles & Salt 
Lake Eailroad, and 
the Western Pacific 
Eailway are completed 
and in operation, they 
will open up an exten- 
sive new field for the 
use of fuel, not only 
for the railroads them- 
selves, but for the 
population of the 
country through 
which they pass. 
Nearly all of this new 
demand for fuel must 
of necessity be sup- 
plied by Utah, as 
neither Idaho, Nevada, 
California nor Arizona 
have coal within their 
boundaries. 

The coal of Utah 
will compare most favorably with coals of other States, or even Canadian coals, and 
it has the additional advantage of geographical position, so that there is no good rea- 
son why Utah should not supply the intermountain region of the United States. 
For comparison, the analyses of several coals are attached hereto: 




EIGHTEEN-FOOT VEIN OF COAL, EMERY COUNTY, UTAH 



LOCALITY 


Moisture 


Volatile 
Matter 


FixedCarbon 


Ash 


Total 


Sulphur 


Almy, Wyoming 

Rock Springs, Wyoming. 

Jerome Park, Colorado.. 
<< << it 

Crested Butte, " 


5.83 
7.72 
2.41 
2.46 
2.51 


37.40 
40.88 
35.70 
32.68 
37.10 


49.31 
50.19 
50.29 
49.22 
51.87 


7.46 

1.21 

11.60 

5.64 

8.52 


100 
100 
100 
100 
100 


"".38 

i.*32 



Building Stones 



The term "building stones" as used in trade and commerce is of wide applica- 
tion, including all materials of structural utility, such as stone used for building 
purposes generally, and materials for fences, monuments, bridges, etc. It is by 
common usage in statistical reports intended to comprise clays, cement material 
and ornamental stones, exclusive of gems. 

But few building stones in the world are utilized in their raw state for other 
than local application. Practically every section of our own country produces its 
local supply. However, material of particular excellence may be and is utilized 
beyond its limits of occurrence. 

Utah is rich in structural materials of superior quality, and in abundance to 
meet all demands. 

Granite in a general sense comprises not only the rock of that name, as classi- 
fied by the lithologist, but many allied species such as diorite, diabase, syenite, 
gneiss, and even dolerite and gabbro. 

The widely known occurrences of granitic rock in Little Cottonwood Canyon 
are of first importance. This rock is essentially a syenite, or more specifically a 
dioritoid granite. It has been designated as Temple Granite by the official geolo- 
gists, in reference to the great Temple in Salt Lake City, which is constructed Of 
this material. The rock constitutes the greater part of the colossal mountain 
mass, and its abundance is beyond computation or estimate. 

Granite rocks of allied composition and similar quality occur in Beaver County 
and elsewhere to the south, while the gneiss of Farmington Canyon and the diori- 
toid rocks of Ogden Canyon and vicinity on the north are of great and growing 
importance. 

Sandstones of special excellence occur in Salt Lake, Utah, and adjoining 
counties, and in smaller quantity in practically every county of the State. The 
bright colored sandstones of Red Butte Canyon, near Salt Lake City, and the gray 
Kyune sandstone from Spanish Fork Canvon. have been used in many of the most 
imposing buildings of the metropolis and other cities. 

Limestone constitutes the main bulk of the Wasatch Mountains and other 
Utah ranges. The variety specifically known as Wasatch limestone is an excellent 
building material, and is used also as a flux in smelter processes. It is so rich in 
calcium carbonate as to be in demand for the production of carbonic acid gas in 
the sugar factories of the State. A variety of limestone occurring in San Pete 
County and elsewhere is oolitic — that is. composed of small, globular particles 
resembling fish eggs, hence its name — oolite. Some of the most pretentious resi- 
dences of Utah cities are constructed of this beautiful stone. 

Marble, really a crystalline variety of limestone, is found in Cache, Box Elder, 
Salt Lake, Utah and southern counties. 

Utah Onyx, also a calcium carbonate, but of such beauty as to preclude its 
use as a building stone proper, and to insure its popularity as a material for 
interior decoration, is found in great quantity. Box Elder, Salt Lake and Utah 
Counties are the principal producers. The elegant wainscot in the corridors of 
the City and County Building, Salt Lake City, is of Utah onyx from the Pelican 
Point deposits on the shores of Utah Lake. 

Concretionary Marble, otherwise known as nodular limestone, occurs in quan- 
tity incalculable at the head of Hobble Creek Canyon, near Springville, Utah 
County. This rock is of surpassing beauty as a building material, being made up 
of concentric nodules, from the size of a pea to that of a walnut, firmly cemented 
together. It' takes a superb polish and is in demand as an ornamental stone. 



98 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Slate of excellent quality is quarried in Slate Canyon, near Provo City. It 
promises to displace .the time-honored shingles, so common in the West, as a 
roofing material. 

Volcanic stones, such as basalts, trachytes and tuffs, are used extensively for 
building materials in Beaver County and elsewhere, while in the southern coun- 
ties they are employed as excellent foundation stones for even the largest buildings. 

Ornamental Stones. — Beside Utah Onyx, already named, the principal orna- 
mental stones and minerals occurring within the State are: Malachite and azurite 




TUNNEL NO. 3 ON UNION PACIFIC RAILWAY, WEBER CANYON 



(green and blue copper-carbonates), alabaster, satin spar, moss agate, chrysocolla 
(copper silicate), feldspar, jasper, silicified wood (petrified wood), and serpentine. 

Clays of many varieties are of extensive occurrence, and are now in use on a 
fair scale for the production of common and pressed brick, fire-brick, fire-clay 
preparations generally, pottery, and cements both natural and artificial. Utah 
exports an excellent quality of Portland cement. 

Gypsum occurs as plaster-stone, alabaster, satin spar, and in the crystallized 
state as selenite. The huge crystals of selenite from the Wayne County deserts 
are alone of their kind in the world. Factories for the production of plaster- 
paris and other gypsum preparations are in steady 'operation at Nephi and other 
points. 



Smelting 



About 2,000 men find constant employment in the smelters in Utah. This 
does not include those engaged at the Majestic, near Milford, in Beaver County, 
when that plant is in operation, but now temporarily closed pending an adjust- 
ment of difficulties of a financial nature. There are seven smelting plants in the 
State. These are the American Smelting and Kenning Company, employing 
about 750 men; the Highland Boy, or Utah Consolidated, 250 men; the United 
States, 500 men; the Bingham Consolidated, 250, all in Salt Lake Valley; the 




SMELTER OF UNITED STATES SMELTING COMPANY 

Yampa, in Bingham, 100 men, and the Utah Eastern & Copper Company, in Wash- 
ington County, 40 men. The Majestic, when in full operation, will employ 125 
more men, so that the aggregate number of persons finding employment in this 
industry is at present practically 2,000. 

These smelters have a capacity for handling in excess of 3,000 tons of ore 
daily. This ore the mines are unfailingly • supplying, while construction work to 
increase the size of the plants so as to handle a materially increased tonnage, is 
now in progress on the Utah Consolidated. Manager E. H. Channing states that 
the additions will give an increased capacity of 50 per cent., or a maximum of 750 
tons daily, all of which comes from its own mines. The United States Smelting 
Company (same as the United States Mining Company) is now constructing an 
independent smelter, near the site of its present plant, which will be employed 



100 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

in the reduction of lead ores exclusively, as its present plant is exclusively utilized 
for the handling of copper ores. The new plant will have a capacity of '350 tons 
of lead ores daily, which will give a total maximum increase of its present capacity 
in excess of 50 per cent. 

As already stated, the Utah Consolidated (Highland Boy) handles no ores but 
those produced in its own mines at Bingham, and it is a copper smelter, pure and 
simple. This is true also of the Yampa smelter. The Bingham Consolidated 
plant likewise treats only copper ores, and the same applies also to the present 
active smelter of the United States. That the Bingham Consolidated smelter 
will follow the United States in preparing to treat lead ores seems to be assured. 
The American Smelting and Eefining Company handles ores of all classes, and is 
a bidder for all mine products that will smelt. Upon the completion of its lead 
smelter the United States smelter will be a competitor for custom ores, as will the 
Bingham Consolidated when it shall have erected a plant for the reduction of 
lead ores. At present all the plants save that of the Highland Boy, are bidders 
for the ores they are prepared to reduce. As a consequence the owners of copper 
bearing mines secure the very best obtainable figure for the product of their 
mines; and once the United States and other smelters are ready for the treatment 
of lead ores, the same desirable conditions will apply to owners of ail producing 
properties whose ores must be smelted. 

That the past year has been a prosperous one for smelting interests is attested 
in the most conclusive manner— by the erection of new plants and by increasing 
the capacity of those already in operation. 

It must not be presumed that the capacity of the smelters indicates the ton- 
nage of minerals produced in the State. While these can handle approximately 
one and a quarter millions of tons annually, the tonnage is greatly in excess of this, 
since all ores that are cyanided are not included in the smelting tonnage. 

The Annie Laurie mine reduces annually over 100,000 tons of ore by the 
cyanide process, and the Consolidated Mercur yields at its present output close 
on 300,000 tons annually — and this is 33J per cent, below its capacity and former 
record. To this total tonnage reduced by this process must be added that of the 
Sacramento Gold Mining Companv, the Johnny of Stateline, and the Century of 
Park Valley. 

Not only has the profit from smelting induced an increasing capacity on the 
part of smelters, but the fast growing output of the State's mines makes it abso- 
lutely imperative. Besides the unexampled growth in tonnage from Bingham, as 
shown in the operation of the mines of the Utah Copper Company, the Boston 
Consolidated, the Yampa, the Bingham and New Haven, the renewal of oper- 
ations at the Mammoth at Tintic, and the vast tonnage now beginning to come 
forth from Stockton as a result of the drainage of that area by the Honerine tun- 
nel, must all be taken into account. Within ninety days the tonnage from Bing- 
ham has doubled. In six months more it is practically certain to be doubled again. 
Then Alta is coming forward with a product that will swell from month to month 
until its output shall become a vital factor in the volume of ores of the State. 
What the unwatering of the boundless ore bodies in the neighborhood of Stockton 
by the great Honerine tunnel means, it is impossible to estimate, but so important 
is it that the taking care thereof is a problem that is already before the smelters. 

It necessarily follows, therefore, that the development of smelting interests in 
Salt Lake Valley alone is a consideration of the most vital importance in the 
economics of Utah. And this, too, as it indicates a demand for increased labor 
in mines corresponding to the added demand for labor for the smelters, and all the 
State will share in the benefit thereof. 

Within a brief space Utah has taken fourth rank as a producer of precious 
metals in the United States, and her smelting interests must necessarily keep pace 
with the mining developments. 



Mining — General 




'IKE all other industries, mining has its vicissitudes. A very 
slight fluctuation in values has made or unmade prosperity in the 
production of all metals save gold — the value of which is fixed. 
There have been, therefore, dark days in the mining history of 
this as of other States — and in times gone by the great industry 
has seemed on the point of being wiped out, first by the great 
fall in the price of silver, and again by diminished returns for 
lead. As, in this State, silver and lead are generally found together and mined 
by one operation, it follows that any change in the price of the one metal affects 
vitally the profits in produc- 
ing the other. So they are 
united in prosperity and in 
adversity. 

The present assurance of 
adequate returns in mining 
is not, however, due so much 
to any enhancement in the 
price paid for either silver 
or lead, or for both — though 
this is of no little importance 
— as to cheaper methods of 
mining the ores and reduc- 
ing them. 

Metallurgy has kept pace 
with other sciences, and dis- 
covered and devised ways for 
the removal of what at one 
time were fatal reduction 
obstacles. It has also sug- 
gested devices for handling 
more economically the prod- 
uct of mines. This applies 
as well to the extraction of 
ores as to their reduction 
after they have been ex- 
tracted. To the science of 
metallurgy and to the intro- 
duction of labor saving meth- 
ods in mining, therefore, may 
be credited the greater min- 
eral product of the West. 
These have had still another 
effect — that of increasing the 
assurance of returns frpm in- 
vestments in mining, without which all industries must despair of 
continued and faithful support. Wider geological knowledge of mineralized areas 
has also been a vital factor in removing much of the hazard that formerly attached 
to mining as an industry, and as this knowledge widens, and it is more and more 




JUDGE C. C. GOODWIN 

Formerly Editor Salt Lake Tribune. A man who, as a writer, has 

done more for mining than any other person in the West 



102 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



generally applied to known mineralogical and geological conditions in areas invit- 
ing investment, the returns are destined to be more and more certain. So side by 
side, wider geological knowledge, more modern labor saving appliances, and more 
economical and scientific metallurgical methods will labor to a common end, and 
the result will be the profitable operation of properties now commercially valueless 
(because of the absence of the favorable conditions above named), greater profits 
from the operations of properties already yielding encouraging returns, and the 




THE PROSPECTOR-BY LUKE CRAWSHAW 



steady growth, by these several means, of the- barrier between the industry and the 
unhealthy effect of varying prices for the product of mines, whether stimulated 
because of increase, or depressed because of decreased prices. 

And that all this diminishes the hazard and increases the assurance of returns 
from intelligent investment in mining, goes without utterance. 

Mining in Utah has barely commenced. 

The most distinctive feature of mining in Utah in the past few years — and 
particularly in the last twelve months — has been the development of the State's 
copper resources. This has been little less than phenomenal. To Bingham 
canyon ores this development is due and the results of the operations of the 
Highland Boy (Utah Consolidated) mines and smelters has done more to draw 
attention to the opportunities that camp afforded than anything else. Besides 
the steady output of the Bingham Copper and Gold Mines, and that of the High- 
land Boy and the United States Mining Companies, the Yampa, the Utah Copper, 



MINING— GENERAL. 



103 



and the Boston Consolidated have increased the tonnage therefrom fully 50 per 
cent, in the past six months. The Highland Boy and all the properties named 
will also increase their output at least 50 per cent, more in the next few months, 
while the Utah Copper Company, instead of shipping to its concentrator 600 tons 
daily, expects to handle up to 3,000 tons, and even beyond this, of its own ores 
daily. And all this is yet to be augmented by the output of the Cactus at Beaver 
and other properties in the same section. 
Mining in Utah has barely commenced. 

Iron 

Utah will produce iron and steel for the future trade of the Pacific coast and 
of the Orient. 

If China ever inclines toward Western Civilization, it will be when her once 
crumbling empire has been bound together with ten thousand miles of steel rails 
made in Utah and from iron produced in this State. 

Untold thousands of tons of this iron will be used in advancing the civilization 
of Eussian country and the far off Indies, and the Philippines and Japan and 
Australia will, for geo- 
graphic and economic 
reasons, buy millions 
of tons of iron in 
Utah. The day is not 
far distant when all 
the islands of the 
mighty Pacific will 
send to this mountain 
locked empire for iron 
for their bridges and 
rails and structural 
steel of all kinds. 

An attempt to exag- 
gerate the value of 
this one undeveloped 
resource were as hope- 
less as an attempt to 
overestimate the value 
of the Nile to Egypt; 
in either case the cold, 
hard facts are prac- 
tically beyond the 
powers of the ordinary 
intellect to grasp. 

Iron ore is found in 
various parts of this 
State. A good fluxing 
iron containing about 
$2 gold to the ton is 
mined in the Tintic 
district, Juab and Utah 

Counties, and shipped to the smelters in Salt Lake valley, but the only deposits of 
real commercial importance are those north of Salt Lake City, in Weber county, and 
the far more extensive ones of the southern part of the State. It is thought that 
a consideration of the last named will be sufficient for the purpose of this article. 




GREAT WESTERN-BLAIR IRON OUTCROP-IRON COUNTY, UTAH 



104 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

In southwestern Utah, about 200 miles from Salt Lake City and less than 
500 miles from the deep water harbor of San Pedro, California, are, according to 
the careful estimates of some of the world's greatest experts, over 500,000,000 
tons of iron ore in sight. This immense deposit covers an area of fifteen miles 
long by three wide, and is within cannon shot of the San Pedro, Los Angeles and 
Salt Lake Railroad. The ore averages 62 per cent, metallic iron and in silica 
it runs to 7 per cent., while the adjacent limestone has all the proper fluxing quali- 
ties necessary for perfect reduction. There are three large blow-outs on this 
vast metallic range, where the pure iron stands black and magnetic waiting the 
coming of capital and human energy to carry it to the furnace and mold it into 
the thousand various iron commodities of civilization. Hundreds of acres of this 
deposit will require no stripping to lay bare the wonderful deposits and, except 
where the ore outcrops, it is a soft red and brown hematite. 

Mr. A. B. Dear, of the firm of Winston Bros. & Dear, Duluth, estimates that 
this ore can be stripped, mined and placed on cars for fifteen cents per ton. 

This is said to be the largest surface showing of iron known. Experts from all 
parts of the world have gone over this ground time and time again, and at last 
one of them, representing Mr. .John W. Gates, after camping on the ground for 
six weeks, pronounced it by far the greatest deposit of iron ore ever disclosed, 
and this, too, after making the statement that he had inspected every iron deposit 
of consequence on the face of the earth. Other experts have estimated the possi- 
bilities of iron here to be over a billion tons, and they say at least 25 per cent, of 
this is Bessemer, the balance being Basic. If the two ores were mixed it would 
greatly increase the per cent, of the former. 

When the foregoing estimates are considered in connection with the fact that 
Utah has mountains of coke producing coal, and that other fact that tide water is 
only 425 miles away, the force of the statements heading this subject can be 
appreciated. 

Not long since Mr. John T. Jones, one of the best known iron experts in the 
United States, spent several weeks looking over the Utah fields. Here is what he 
says : 

"Within a few years Utah should be producing more iron than any other State 
in the Union. The deposits in the southwestern part of the State are the greatest 
I have ever seen, and I have examined .all the principal iron deposits, in the United 
States, Cuba and Venezuela. 

The close proximity of the iron to an ample supply of fuel and lime flux makes 
it possible to produce iron in Utah cheaper than anywhere else in the United 
States. Iron works can be erected in this State which will produce iron so 
cheaply that, with fair railroad rates, the finished product can be laid down in 
Chicago on at least equal terms with the product of the United States Steel Cor- 
poration or any other producer. The low cost of production would make it 
possible for the Utah iron and steel works to control absolutely the trade of the 
western part of North and South America and the Orient. 

The following is an extract. from the report of Geo. E. Gunn, expert of the 
American Smelting & Refining Company: 

"General Formation. — Granite, limestone, sandstone and quartzite. 

"Formation of Veins or Ore Deposits. — In this respect, in describing one mine 
I might as well include the whole district. 

"A range of granite hills, having a northeast and southwest course, traverses the 
county for a distance of fifteen or twenty miles. The width of granite varies, in 
places being several miles wide, while in other places it is contracted to much less 
than a mile across, this contraction probably being due to the sedimentary form- 
ations overlying the granite not being eroded away in the low places, as much as 
where the hills are more precipitous and higher. 



MINING— GENERAL. 



105 



"The iron deposits seem to follow on both sides of this granite, sometimes 
occurring on the contact between the lime and granite, again occurring in the 
limestone near the granite, while in other places they are located in the granite, 
and occasionally between the quartzite and lime, but in all cases, as far as present 
developments show, they have fairly perpendicular walls. 

"While all the iron ores carry some percentage of magnetic, yet in the limes 
and on the contacts the iron is largely hematite, while in the granite the iron is 
magnetite. 

"Apparently these granite hills were made by either upheaval or contraction. 
In the disturbance, fissures were made in places in the granite, afterward filling 
with ore. At the same time the ground along the contact was disturbed and 




OUTCROP OF IRON-IRON COUNTY, UTAH 



fissured. Water coursing along these contacts eroded the limestone, causing 
caves which afterwards filled with ore. In one place, about the center of the 
range, there is a break, causing a flat valley some four miles across, which is now 
covered with debris and upon which no work has been done. Undoubtedly the 
iron bodies go across this valley, and under which there undoubtedly exists large 
bodies of ore." 

The Hon. Bayard F. Putnam reports on the Utah Iron fields in the Tenth 
United States census, and among other things he says: 

"In extent of its iron deposits Utah may be considered the most favored region 
west of the 100th meridian." 

With reference to the quality of the Utah ore, Mr. Putnam included in his 
report the following analyses from thirteen samples taken from as many claims 
scattered over the entire field. These samples were numbered in his report 1141 
to 1153 inclusive. 



106 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 





1141 


1142 


1143 


1144 


1145 


1146 


1147 


1148 


1149 


1150 


1151 


1152 


1153 






Metallic Iron 

Phosphorus 

Phosphorus in 100 parts of Iron 


57.55 
0.248 
0.431 


61.43 
0.198 
0.312 


1o 
67.81 
0.113 
0.167 


* 

64.09 
0.264 
0.412 


61.64 
0.425 
0.689 


fo 

67.09 
0.080 
0.119 


63.21 
0.182 
0.288 


65.48 
0064 
0.098 


«6 

67.09 
0.093 
0.139 


fo 

68.06 
0.059 
0.087 


59.41 
0.066 
0.111 


67.31 
0.057 
0.085 


68.44 
0.038 
0.055 



Captain C. E. Dutton, Ordnance Corps, U. S. Army, made two analyses of 
ore from this region, which were published in Vol. Ill of Lieutenant Wheeler's 
report of explorations and surveys west of 100th meridian. They are as follows: 



ANALYSIS. 





Red Hematite Ore 


Magnetic Ore 


Insoluble residue (silica and silicates) 


3.34 
5.64 
82.97 
6.06 
1.35 

'b'.06 
0.19 
0.33 


3.81 


Magnetic Oxide of Iron, Fe 3 4 


67.68 


Peroxide of Iron, Fe 3 3 


28.00 


Water 


0.10 


Alumina 


0.38 


Manganese 


Trace 


Sulphur 


None detected 


Phosphoric Acid 


None detected 


Lime 








Total 


99.94 
62.16 


99.97 


Metallic Iron 


68.61 







It is impossible to fully grasp the future importance of the iron industry to 
Utah. That the possibilities and probabilities in this line are stupendous all who 
are familiar with conditions must concede. The inactivity of the frost cannot 
be maintained much longer. The brooding silence of the centuries must soon be 
disturbed by the sound of drills and the shrill cry of steam whistles, and Utah 
must go where destiny points, and in doing so lead in the front rank of iron and 
steel producing States. And what will this mean to Utah and the West? Who 
can say? Think of China's four hundred millions of souls shaking off their slum- 
ber and becoming a progressive race! Think of Japan's growing importance, of 
Australia's urgent need of iron and steel; of Eussia's thousands upon thousands of 
miles of projected roads yet to be built and then, realizing that Utah can "abso- 
lutely control" the iron trade of the Far East, try and picture the result to this 
State and to the West. 

At the present time the Pacific coast buys 300,000 tons of rails and 480,000 
tons of pig iron annually, for which she pays in round figures the sum of $31,000,- 
000. Think what it would mean to Utah if she had this amount each year from 
her iron mines with the prospect of being able to multiply that figure significantly 
within the next ten years. 

According to statistics it costs the United States Steel Corporation $7.20 and 
upwards per ton to make Bessemer pig iron, which is the base of iron and steel 
products. Pig iron of equal quality can be made in Utah for from $4.72 to $6 
per ton, and the finished product can be placed on the docks at tide water for 
one-half what it costs to ship it from Pittsburg. San Francisco pays $48 a ton for 
her steel rails; given an up-to-date steel plant Utah could make them at $13 per 
ton. The price of steel rails in Pittsburg to-day is about $28 a ton; Utah could lay 
them down on the Pacific coast for much less and still pay enormous dividends. 

A proper question would be: "Why does not Utah manufacture these articles?" 
The answer is simple as the question: "Because the great captains of finance 
and industry have, until recent years, given little thought and no study to Utah 
and her resources." 



MINING— GENERAL. 107 

But by dint of constant telling the attention of certain steel kings was at last 
gained,, experts were in time sent out to report and when they did so they confessed 
that in so far as the iron ore was concerned, the truth had not half been told. 
"But," the experts continued, "there is no direct transportation line to the coast, 
and though adjoining counties have mountains of coal, it is not coking coal." 

Time rolled on. Other experts came, and elaborate tests were instituted to 
demonstrate that Utah coal would make the proper kind of coke. These tests 
were entirely successful in establishing the fact that plenty of coking coal could be 
had in this State. 

The direct transportation objection has been met and swept aside by the San 
Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad from Salt Lake to Los Angeles and 
San Pedro harbor. This road is soon to be completed. In another year through 
trains should be running over it, and they will pass through the greatest iron fields 
on earth; and practically touch coal fields almost as vast. 

And this is what it means to Utah and the West: 

Cheaper iron and steel with a corresponding increase of consumption. 

A prodigious stimulating of the ship building industry on the Pacific coast. 

A new city in Utah whose destiny will be brighter and more promising than 
that of Pittsburg, a city starting out with a pay roll of over $3,000,000 annually. 

It means the multiplication of railroads, the opening of greater and vaster 
mines, an added stimulus to all agricultural interests, -the revolutionizing of 
manufactories and employment of thousands upon thousands of men. It gives a 
justifical for the proposed reclamation of millions of acres of lands now barren 
and desolate. 

Sulphur.— The sulphur mines of Utah, located at Cove Creek, in Millard 
County, have produced 20,000 tons of refined sulphur, valued at $450,000. The 
deposits are of a blanket formation caused by volcanic action. The mines are 
not worked extensively on account of the cost of extraction. These deposits were 
declared, at one time, by experts to be the most valuable in the world, but they 
did not prove to be as extensive as at first estimated. The product is of high grade 
and equals the best from Sicily. 

KNOWN DIVIDENDS PAID BY UTAH MINES FOR 1903. 

Annie Laurie $ 200,000 

Butler Liberal 2,500 

Century 8,500 

Consolidated Mercur 150,000 

Daly West 1,332,000 

Gemini 100,000 

Grand Central 225,000 

Horn Silver • 20,000 

Ontario ' 45,000 

Silver King 1,300,000 

Sacramento 60,000 

South Swansea 9,000 

Utah Mining Company (Fish Springs) 8,000 

Utah Consolidated 1,404,000 

Total $4,864,000 

This does not include profits made by properties worked privately, nor 

profits made by leases, which aggregated, conservatively estimated. . 500,000 

Grand total $5,364,000 



108 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



TOTAL OF KEPUTED DIVIDENDS OF UTAH MINES. 



Anchor $ 525,000 

Ajax 1,000,000 

Annie Laurie 290,000 

Bullion Beck 2,479,400 

Butler Liberal 2,500 

Carisa 105,Q00 

Centennial Eureka 2,747,700 

Chloride Point 5,000 

Century 18,000 

Consolidated Mercur 3,635,312 

Crescent 280,000 

Dalton & Lark 244,225 

Daly 2,925,000 

Daly West 4,108,500 



Dixie 

Eureka Hill . . 

Galena 

Geyser Marion 
Grand Central 
Grand Gulch . 
Gemini 



15,000 

1,850,000 

71,090 

96,000 

991,250 

4,800 

1,150,000 



Brought forward $22,543,777 

Highland Boy 1,725,000 

Horn Silver 5,397,000 

Mammoth 1,860,000 

Maxfield 118,000 

May Day 30,000 

Ontario 13,932,500 

Petro 33,000 

Quincy 1,187,500 

Silver King 7,750,000 

Silver Shield 

Sacramento 

South Swansea 

Swansea 

South Godica 



4,500 

193,000 

284,500 

306,500 

1,000 

Utah Consolidated 3,929,000 



Utah (Fish Sp.) 
Uncle Sam 
West Mt. Placer 
White Rock . . . 
Yankee Con. . . 



218,000 

45,000 

5,481 

4,000 

75,000 



$22,543,777 



$59,642,758 



UTAH'S MINERAL OUTPUT FOR 1903. 



147,713,120 lbs. of lead at 4c per pound $ 5,908,524.80 

37,909,740 lbs. of copper at 13.351c per pound 5,061,329.38 

19,425,694 ozs. of silver at 53.22c per ounce 10,338,354.35 

257,940 ozs. of gold at $20 per ounce 5,158,800.00 

Total .$26,467,008.53 

Utah mines paid in dividends in 1903 $ 4,864,000.00 

Unreported mines and leases (estimated) 500,000.00 

Total dividends .$ 5,364,000.00 

UTAH'S MINERAL OUTPUT SINCE 1869. 

Total gold production from 1877 to date $ 35,758,213.26 

Total silver production from 1877 to date 161,862,224.48 

Total lead production from 1877 to date 53,285,513.74 

Total copper production from 1877 to date 18,146,707.53 

$269,052,659.01 

Total gold production from 1869 to 1877 1,712,116.00 

Total silver production from 1869 to 1877 19,798,004.00 

Total lead production from 1869 to 1877 (estimated) 10,756,610.00 

Grand total $301,319,839.01 

This estimate of lead is based upon the average production of lead in propor- 
tion to gold and silver produced, as given in Mining Statistics. 

TOTAL GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCTION. 

Total gold : $ 37,470,329.26 

Total silver 181,660,228.48 

Total gold and silver ' $219,130,557.74 



Mining Districts 

Park City and Alta Areas 

The mining districts embraced in the Park City area, in the region at the 
head of Little Cottonwood and Big Cottonwood Canyons, and of American Fork 
Canyons, cover a territory between fifteen and twenty miles square. The mineral 
riches held in the depths of this area no human being can begin to conceive. 

The history of these several camps is, in some respects, not unlike that in 
the southern part of the Tintic district in the discouragement at one time experi- 
enced by the- change in the character of the ores from the oxidized to sulphides. 

Alta 

Alta, in Little Cottonwood mining district, occupies relatively the same posi- 
tion to Salt Lake valley as Bingham. It is on the east side of Salt Lake valley 
and up in the mountains, while Bingham is on the west side. The fame of Utah's 
riches was first given general publicity through the mines of Alta. Here the once 
noted Emma mine, which at one time came near being the subject of complications 
between England and the United States, because of its English ownership, is 
located. It has produced $7,000,000 in precious metals. Here also are situated 
the Flagstaff and many others, at one time operated and which produced ore of 
astonishing values. 

At the time the camp was actively producing ores the cost of transportation 
and reduction charges were so much higher' than to-day that there is practically 
no comparison. The method of handling sulphide ores was so much inferior 
than now, that the presence of sulphur practically destroyed their commercial 
value. Generally speaking, as soon as the water level was reached, the oxidized 
ores disappeared and were replaced by sulphides. In other cases the oxidized ores 
lost much of their values, and the result was that a camp once as noted as any 
in the West, producing a grade of ores averaging high in values, was practically 
abandoned and so remained for twenty years or more. 

The same conditions prevailed in Park City, and especially in the Ontario 
mine was the presence of the lean streak that lay between the ores truly oxidized 
and those containing sulphide, nearly disastrous. It is said the directors at one 
time determined to shut down the Ontario, and were only kept from doing so 
because Mr. Pat Kerwin, superintendent, said he would resign unless they con- 
sented to his sinking 200 feet below the point the shaft had at that time reached. 
A reluctant consent is what saved the Park district from abandonment, won for 
the Ontario her great record, and gave assurance to those who looked toward Alta 
in the faith that greater depth would disclose a reappearance of the rich ores that 
made the camp famous before the water level was reached. 

Mr. Tony Jacobson and Mr. Arthur E. Snow, associated with others, began 
work with the faith mentioned, and the Columbus Consolidated Mining Company, 
erected on the remains of abandoned producers, is a property that now discloses 
ore bodies of a value fully equal to $3,000,000, and developments have but begun. 
In every case prospecting, when carried far enough, has brought about the same 
result. Mr. H. W. Crowther, in the Continental-Alta group, has also added sev- 
eral abandoned properties to the list of precious mineral producers of the State, 
and prospecting is daily adding to the ore reserves in this group. 



HO THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

The Albion, Superior- Alta, South Columbus, the Copper Prince and other suc- 
cessful companies are building on the supposed ruins of old claims. It is char-* 
acteristic of Alta that the ores gain in average values with depth, though pockets 
of sensational richness are not so frequent as when the oxidized ores were being 
worked. 

As Alta is but sixteen miles from the smelters of Salt Lake valley it enjoys 
advantages that promise to make it equal to its neighbor — Park City — which lies 
five miles to the east — as to tonnage and dividends in the near future. Silver and 
gold, copper and lead are its chief metals. 

Three years ago not ten men were employed in the camp. Now there are 
nearly three hundred, and this number will be vastly increased during the present 
season. The Columbus Consolidated Mining Company has, as is shown under the 
article on "Water Powers," a water power plant installed in Little Cottonwood 
Canyon with a maximum capacity of 700 electrical horse power. This is to be 
added to until it will reach 1,000 horse power. This power will be utilized by the 
company owning it up to its needs, and the balance sold to others, and so make the 
work of the camp more general by supplying cheaper power. All ores can be run 
from the mines in the camp to the valley smelters by gravity. 

What applies to Little Cottonwood or Alta applies also to Big Cottonwood, in 
which new work is being prosecuted lately with gratifying results, as shown in 
the Scottish Chief, and also to American Fork Canyon district, which has not yet 
shown the effects of the revival of interest that applies particularly to Alta, 

Park City and Adjacent Mines 

Park City, over 7,000 feet above sea level, has a population of nearly 7,000 
and every modern public convenience. It owes its origin and existence to the 
mines that surround it on every side but the north. The beginning of mining in 
this quarter is put at 1872, when Rector Skeen discovered the now famous Ontario 
mine, which he sold to Messrs. Hearst, Chambers and others for $30,000. Since 
that time the mine has produced close on to $34,000,000, and paid nearly $14,000,- 
000 in dividends, and is still producing. The Daly, Daly West, Anchor and other 
mines were subsequently developed — the latter now forming part of the large 
Daly-Judge group. 

Not less conspicuous now as producers than the Ontario was in its palmiest days 
(and this despite the fact that silver, the chief product of the camp, has fallen over 
50 per cent, in value) are the Silver King and the Daly West mines, the extent 
and richness of whose ore bodies are, among precious metal producers, the wonder 
of the times. 

So far as the geological formation is concerned, the features peculiar to the 
area surrounding Park City are shared by mines in the Big and Little Cottonwood 
— the latter known as Alta — mining districts, and by American Fork and Snake 
Creek districts, and for that reason familiarity with one gives knowledge prac- 
tically as to all the districts named. It may be well to state that all these districts 
are contiguous to each other and really constitute one large mineralized area in 
which silver predominates in value, with lead, gold and copper also occurring, and 
occurring in value in the order named. 

Writing of this district in "Contributions to Economic Geology/' issued by the 
government in 1902, Mr. J. M. Boutwell has this to say: 

"Park City ores do not appear to be generally distributed throughout the 
region in small amounts, but rather to be localized in certain well defined occur- 
rences in large bodies of paying grade. Three main types of occurrences have 
been recognized — fissure ores, replacement ores and contact ores. In the first the 



MINING DISTRICTS. 



Ill 



ore carries either silver and lead, with or without zinc and gray copper, or gold 
with some silver, and occurs between well defined fissure walls. In the second, 
the ore holds silver and lead values chiefly, and takes the form of elongated lenses 
within limestone, roughly parallel to the bedding. In the last the ore contains 
copper and gold, with or without lead and silver, and forms in irregular masses, 
pockets, lenses, and pencils in metamorphic limestones adjacent to intrusive bodies. 
Gold values appear to run highest in certain fractures in quartzite. Zinc is reputed 
to increase in the southwest- 
ern extension of the great 
fissure zone of the camp, and 
copper is said to reach its 
maximum amount in deeper 
portions of certain pseudo 
fissures in quartzite." 

Despite the prosecution of 
extensive work and the ex- 
penditure of enormous sums 
of money, it was at one time 
believed that the Ontario and 
Daly were the only mines of 
any merit in the Park dis- 
trict, though the surface area 
for miles and miles in many 
directions had been located 
and the assessment work done 
year after year. Later the 
Anchor, now part of the 
Daly-Judge group, and the 
Crescent, at the present time 
included in the Keith-Kearns 
holdings, had begun to pro- 
duce. The latter was aban- 
doned for a time. Then came 
the strike in the Woodside, 
now part of the famous Silver 
King. The Daly West fol- 
lowed with most important 
discoveries" and the disclosure 
of ore bodies of enormous ex- 
tent and unusual richness. 

Following this was the discovery of ore of great value in the Quincy, a claim to 
which only a few had pinned their faith, and the Quincy was then absorbed by the 
Daly West, making it one of the most noted and valuable properties in the camp, 
and therefore in all the West. 

Shafts have penetrated the ore bodies of the Ontario to a depth of over 2,000 
feet, and these still maintain their width and average richness, all of which demon- 
strates beyond question the permanency and value of the ore bodies of this camp. 
The Silver King and Daly West have reserve ore bodies already developed which 
will justify the present production for years to come, and there is absolutely no 
question that further development will serve only to add to the continuity of 
these. Since 1872, with the exception of one brief period as the result of a fire, 
and another short time, when the fall in the price of silver in 1893 demoralized 
all silver mining conditions, the Ontario mine has uninterruptedly continued to 
pour forth its apparently undiminished treasures of very rich and lower grade 




JOHN J. DALY 



112 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

metals. This, for over thirty years. The future of such great properties, there- 
fore, as the Silver King, Daly West and Daly-Judge cannot be questioned. Thus 
developments in the Quincy give warrant for the work now being prosecuted in, 
and an assurance of results to, the New York Bonanza, the J. I. C, Little Bell, 
Wabash, and American Flag and others in that' portion of the camp, and to the 
developments prosecuted in the neighborhood of the Silver King in the Keith- 
Kearns group, and to the Comstock and California and others. 

Notable among the younger producing properties is the Keith-Kearns, regard- 
ing which but little is generally said. This was formerly known as the Crescent, 
a property years ago among the dividend payers and located on Pinyon Hill, and 
was worked extensively for years and then shut down. Its present operation 
demonstrates the greater efficiency and economy of mining operations as compared 
with conditions that prevailed in the years gone by. 

Recently a strike of the utmost importance in the old Daly, and that in a 
quarter generally assumed to be barren, has given promise of developing within 
the boundaries of the Daly ground practically a new mine, and, as like conditions 
prevail all through this district, this discovery, like that in the Quincy, assures new 
life to all the producers and prospective producers of the Park City district. 

Five concentrating plants are in operation in the camp with a combined ca- 
pacity for handling about 1,400 tons of ore daily. The Daly-Judge mill has 400 
tons' capacity, the Silver King and Daly West each 300 tons; the Ontario 250 tons, 
and the Keith-Kearns mill 150 tons. All these handle inferior grades of ore — 
that is, ore which cannot with profit be shipped to the smelters. 

Fully 1,000 men find employment in the Daly West and Silver King mines; and 
at least 1,000 or more are employed in other properties, the Ontario, Daly and 
Daly-Judge having over 500 between them. The average wages paid these men 
is not less than $3 per day. So the daily pay roll directly connected with the 
mines of Park City is $6,000 per day. As all these properties operate 365 days a 
year the annual pay roll of Park City mines is considerably in excess of $2,000,000. 

The tonnage from the Park City mines is inferior to that of Bingham or Tintic, 
but the ores are so much richer that Park City mines in the past and at the present 
writing, pay more dividends than all the other mines in the State combined. 

In many directions prospecting is steadily being prosecuted on a large scale. 
Great is the mining area that surrounds Park City, and its mines have only begun 
to yield. Yet it has given to the world in its existence over $70,000,000 in wealth. 

West Mountain (Bingham) 

The camp of Bingham, situate in Salt Lake County and within about twenty- 
seven miles of Salt Lake City, is in many respects the most remarkable mining 
district in the State, if not indeed in the entire Western mining region. Here 
was made the first important discovery of precious metal-bearing lead ores in the 
then Territory of Utah, more than forty years ago. About the same time the 
bed of the main canyon stream and its tributaries, Carr's Fork and Bear Gulch, 
were found to be repositories of valuable deposits of "placer" gold, and for many 
years succeeding these discoveries, a large number of miners found profitable 
employment in delving after the more precious metal, and it was not until the 
advent of the Union Pacific Railroad, in 1869, that any attempt was made to 
utilize the vast bodies of gold and silver-bearing lead ores that were known to 
exist within easy reach, in this now famous district. 

The "Old Jordan" min.e, now the most important of all the Bingham pos- 
sessions of the United States Mining Company, it is said was the subject of the 
first mining location made in the northern part of the territory, dating back to the 
year 1863. 



MINING DISTRICTS. 



113 



Professor A. F. Holden, late owner of the mine, and now managing director of 
the United States Mining Company, is authority for the statement that the gross 
value of the yield of ore from this single mine from the date of its discovery to 
the time when its ownership was acquired by the United States Mining Company, 
was more than eighteen million dollars, and that the whole of this large produc- 
tion was derived from workings which extend into the earth upon the dip of lode 
to a depth not exceeding sixty feet. To persons familiar with the nature of ore 
occurrences in the mountain regions this latter statement of Professor Holden 
will appear fabulous, but those who know him will not doubt his assertion. And 
when it is understood that the 
average silver contents of the 
ores was less than six ounces 
and that the gold values would 
not exceed one dollar per ton — 
the lead contents being the 
chief item of value — the enor- 
mous tonnage necessary to pro- 
duce that vast sum is almost 
inconceivable. But this is not 
all, for since the United States 
Mining Company became pos- 
sessed of the property some 
three years ago, in fact since 
the "blowing in" of their fur- 
naces about sixteen months 
ago, probably a further pro- 
duction of a hundred thou- 
sand tons of cuprous iron sul- 
phides have been added to the 
former yield of this grand old 
mine, and yet the greatest ver- 
tical depth attained is less than 
sixty feet below the surface 
outcrop of the lode. In fact 
the so-called "Clark-raise" and 
"Coolidge" stope from which 
the present company has drawn 
its chief daily supply for its 
smelter, although upon a con- 
tinuation of the lode from its 
outcrop, and distant more than 

seven hundred feet therefrom, have in fact attained a vertical height of more than 
one hundred feet above the apex, or surface outcrop of the lode. 

But this latter statement requires explanation and is here alluded to in order to 
afford an illustration of one of the many difficult problems which confront the 
miner in everyday work, and which from lack of trained experience, supported by 
a knowledge of at least the elements of geology, so often results in disastrous 
failure. 

Before entering upon a description of the peculiar condition found in this 
mine, and which are repeated in greater or less degree in many of the mines of the 
district, it will be well to first consider the general character of the rocks and vein 
formation of the district. 

The sedimentary beds consist of alternate layers of quartzite and limestone 
(probably of carboniferous age) which trend northeast and southwest, and "dip" 




COL. ENOS A. WALL 



114 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

to the northwest at an inclination varying from fifteen to thirty-five degrees. 
Prior to the deposition of mineral ores, the strata had been rifted by the intrusion 
of enormous dykes and thin sheets of porphyries which traverse all directions. 
The chief, and probably earlier flow, has a trend nearly northeast and southwest, 
traversing the entire mineral district and having a maximum width of more than 
2,500 feet. This great dyke separates the mines of the district into two sections. 
Although practically all of the great ore bodies of the district are found to occur 
in the same geological horizon in the sedimentary limestone, those mines situate 
on each side of the dyke have distinct and separate apices within segments of the 
same strata. The Highland Boy (Utah), Bingham and New Haven, Yampa, Jay 
Gould, Maxwell, Utah-Apex, Butler-Liberal, and a great number of other valu- 
able properties being on the northwest side of the dyke, whilst the properties of 
the Boston Consolidated Mining Company, the Bingham Gold & Copper Mining 
Company, the Kempton, the vast holdings of the United States Mining Company, 
the New England Copper & Gold Mining Company, and many other valuable 
claims that cannot here be enumerated, are situated on the southeast side of the 
dyke. 

Portions of this great dyke have been profoundly crushed, brecciated and im- 
pregnated with original copper sulphides to an extent which renders a vast area 
of it susceptible to most profitable mining, and this feature will receive further 
mention in another portion of this chapter. 

Subsequent to the upheavals of eruptive rocks mentioned above, and doubtless 
incident thereto, innumerable fissures were produced having a "strike" or tend 
nearly north and south, and, in most instances, dipping slightly to the west. 

These fissures not only pierce the sedimentary beds, but the porphyries as 
well, and in many instances trans-sect the entire district, extending, no doubt, to 
profound depths, affording numerous channels through which dissolving and fer- 
tilizing solutions were brought, into contact with the soluble limestones, and thus, 
atom by atom, were vast areas of the sedimentary rock removed and in place 
thereof was builded mountains of metaliferous ores in which is still preserved the 
structure lines of the original rock. As indicated by the latter observations, the 
ore deposits of the district in so far as they occur in the lime strata, are of the class 
called "substitution" or "replacement" veins, and are "appendages of the fissures." 
But where occurring in the quartzites, or porphyries, they exhibit the usual 
banded fissure structure, and whilst the yield of the latter class has been and con- 
tinues to be, very considerable in amount and of excellent grade, the vast tonnage 
required to supply the several valley smelters is chiefly derived from the deposits 
in the limestones. The present yield of smelting ores of the district is about 2,000 
tons per day divided as follows: The Utah Company, 550 tons; Bingham Gold & 
Copper Mining Company, 500 tons; U. S. Mining Company, 450 tons; Boston 
Consolidated Gold & Copper Mining Company, 200 tons; Tintic Mining and De- 
velopment Company (Yampa mine), 250 tons; Butler-Liberal and all others, 50 
tons. In addition the Highland or Utah Company has near completion additions 
to its smelter which call for an addition of 250 tons. The Yampa output will 
also be increased by 200 tons. The Boston Consolidated will soon increase its 
shipment to 500 tons daily, whilst the Bingham and New Haven, Utah Apex and 
Kempton-Ashland will soon be preparing to commence shipments in quantities 
ranging from 150 to 500 tons each daily. 

The most important development of recent date occurred in the Red-Rover 
claim controlled by Col. Wall, and consists of "fero-cuprous" sulphides containing 
high gold and silver values. This ore body has been developed on its strike 
easterly and westerly for a distance of some four hundred feet and is exposed a 
maximum width of more than one hundred feet. Its great strength and richness 



116 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

is doubtless attributable to its parent, the "Giant Chief fissure, which trends 
north and south, cross-cutting the limestones at this point and extending into the 
underlying quartzites to the south, where it has a long record of production of 
valuable ores. The ore body dips to the north in the direction of the great dyke 
beneath the Kangaroo claim, of which it is the good fortune of the U. S. Mining 
Company to be the possessor of an undivided one-fourth interest, the other three- 
fourths being owned by Col. Wall, and it is confidently believed that its continuity 
will not be intercepted by the "dyke" until it shall have passed through the 
greater portion of that claim. This great ore-body was unexpectedly discovered 
in a lateral drift from the "Evans Tunnel," which was driven by the United States 
Mining Company for the development of its "Old Telegraph" mine, situate several 
hundred feet farther to the south. 

We now recur to the peculiar conditions before referred to as existing in the 
great "Old Jordan" mine. As indicated by its enormous production, the ore body 
was of great width at the surface. It had the usual northwest dip. The surface 
of the 'earth in that direction is neaTly level for a distance of some four hundred 
feet, then gradually rises to a slope of probably thirty degrees to a vertical height 
above the apex of the lode of about 150 feet, where it again forms a comparatively 
level "mesa." The ore body enters the earth upon a dip of about thirty-five 
degrees, and so continues to a depth of forty or fifty feet, then suddenly assumes 
a horizontal position, which is maintained for some four hundred or five hundred 
feet, then gradually rises conformably to the outer surface of the earth before 
described, until it reaches a vertical height of more than one hundred feet above 
the outcrop of its apex, where it is intersected by the- "Clark raise" and "Coolidge 
stope" before referred to, but here the once great lead producer has by some 
mysterious process of nature been transformed into a repository of the more 
valuable metal, copper, in which the usual proportions of the precious metals 
persistently continue. 

The cause of the peculiar condition found in this mine is attributed by Profes- 
sor Holden and other able experts who have examined it, to what they call a 
"roll" or "fold" in the formation, such as is frequently met with in coal mines, and 
which in this case, according to Mr. Holden, extends easterly across the "Old 
Telegraph" lode, and other holdings of the United States Mining Company, and it 
is not improbable that the appearance of the ore body in the Red Eover mine at a 
point where its existence was unexpected is attributable to the influence of this 
great "fold" in the sedimentary beds. At the "Old Jordan," however, the situ- 
ation was further complicated by a "faulting fissure" which passes obliquely 
through the lode and strikes southwest and northeast, and which has resulted in 
disconnecting the Kempton mine from the Jordan lode by a normal "down-throw" 
of some four hundred feet, and on the other hand producing a new apex upon 
which is located the Commercial mine of the Bingham Gold & Copper Company's 
holdings, and which has been developed upon its dip to a depth of more than seven 
hundred feet and is the chief producer of copper sulphides owned by that com- 
pany. 

In this connection it should be said that with the exception of the Commercial, 
and to some extent, the Highland Boy and Yampa mines, all of the present great 
producers of iron-copper sulphides were, in their superficial stages of develop- 
ment, producers of silver-lead ores, and that the former dominant metal, lead, has 
been superseded in the veins by iron pyrites accompanied by the more valuable 
metal, copper. 

In addition to the "straight sulphide" producing mines briefly alluded to 
herein, the "Wall group of mines," consisting of some two hundred acres, and 
located- upon the mineralized portion of the great Porphyry Dyke before referred 



MINING DISTRICTS. 



117 



to, presents features of great geological interest as well as assurances of economic 
results exceeding anything heretofore attained in the history of the world's greatest 
copper mines. The property spans the narrow gorge cut in the mountains by 
main Bingham canyon and reaches to the summit of the mountain ridges on either 
side, it has been exploited by numerous tunnels driven into the mountains on 
either side of the gulch, distances ranging from four hundred to seven hundred 
feet and by a main working tunnel running obliquely across the others, also by 
six inch holes drilled at various points to a depth of five hundred feet below the 
floors of the tunnels. These works extend over an area of 2,500 by 3,000 feet, and 
disclose most uniform mineral- 
ization, the average copper 
contents being two and two- 
tenths per cent., or forty-four 
pounds of copper per ton of 
rock, and in addition thereto, 
values of 60 cents in gold and 
small values of silver are 
equally persistent. The copper 
occurs as "bornite," "glance," 
and chacopyrite in very small 
hard grains, replacing the 
original' biotile of the por- 
phyry, occupying small cells in 
the rock, and not combined, or 
"frozen" to it. The porphyry, 
being exceedingly light, soft 
and friable, renders reduction 
of the ore by ordinary methods 
of crushing and concentration 
extremely simple. Workings 
thus show a recovery of about 
eighty per cent, of the con- 
tents, including gold and silver. 

The property is owned by 
Col. Wall, with the exception 
of a one-fourth interest which 
he sold to Capt. J. E. De La- 
mar some years ago, and which 
Capt. De Lamar later sold to 
C. M. MacNeill, the Penrose 
Brothers and others compos- 
ing the United States Reduction Company of Colorado, and with whom Col. Wall, 
several months ago, entered into a contract of sale for a controlling portion of 
his remaining interest, retaining one-fifth of the entire property pending their 
option to purchase. The parties, as part consideration, have constructed a mod- 
ern concentrating plant designed for the present to have capacity to treat 500 tons 
of ore per day. The mill is now complete and in operation and indicates a capacity 
of one thousand to twelve hundred tons per day instead of five hundred tons as 
contemplated, the increased capacity being due to the facility with which the ores 
yield to the process of treatment, the percentage of recovery is fully up to, and 
will soon exceed expectations. The resulting concentrates show average copper 
contents to exceed thirty-five per cent, copper. 

The mill will at once be increased to a capacity of six thousand tons per day. 




W. H. TIBBALS 
Mine Owner and Leading Mine Broker of Salt Lake City 



118 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



The mining will be done by methods known to miners as the "mill hole" process, 
and it is expected that the cost, when properly equipped, will not exceed fifteen 
cents per ton, to which will be added milling costs not exceeding twenty cents 
per ton. The railroad freight now costs twenty cents per ton, but the owners 

will later provide their own 
facilities, when this cost will 
probably be reduced to five 
cents per ton. 

If any one should doubt 
the capacity of the mine to 
furnish that quantity of ore 
per day, let them estimate 
the number of tons that 
would be contained in a solid 
block 2,500 feet by 3,000 
feet by 500 feet deep, or even 
that contained above the 
present tunnels which would 
be about equal to the same 
surface dimensions by 100 
feet deep, or can such low 
grade material be profitably 
worked at all? Let us assume 
44 lbs. copper per ton at 8c 
per lb. equals $3.52, add 75c 
gold and silver equals $4.27, 
at eighty per cent, equals 
$3.41 less mine, mill and 
transportation costs, 55c, 
equals balance profit $2.61. 
Will it pay? The answer is 
found in the present oper- 
ation of the mill, constructed 
under the direction of Mr. 
D. C. Jackling, general man- 
ager of the United States Ee- 
fining Company of Colorado and of the Utah Copper Company, assisted by Mr. 
Frank Janney, superintendent of the Utah Copper Company. 

Compare those figures with the official annual reports of four of the leading 
mines of the Lake Superior region, the ores of which are treated by an exactly 
similar process, i. e., concentration, to-wit: 

One ton of rock from Wall's Bingham mines contains 44 lbs. of copper, yield 
of 80 per cent, give net yield per ton of rock fine copper 35.2 lbs., costs, 

per ton of rock $0.55 

Mohawk rock, fine copper, 21.79 lbs., costs per ton of rock 1.92 

Isle Royal rock, fine copper, 15.7 lbs., costs per ton of rock 1.86 

Osceola rock, fine copper, 17.4 lbs., costs per ton of rock. 1.65 

Quincy rock, fine copper 19.3 lbs., costs per ton of rock 1.88 

The Mohawk earned net on the selling price of its shares 8 per cent. 
The Isle Royal earned net on the selling price of its shares 6 per cent. 
The Osceola earned net on the selling price of its shares 8 per cent. 
The Quincy earned net on the selling price of its shares 6.7 per cent. 
The yield of the Atlantic was only 12.6 lbs. per ton of rock and it earned a hand- 
some profit; has paid in dividends to date $940,000. 




CAPT. D. Mc VICKIE 



MINING DISTRICTS. 119 

The yield of the Calumet and Hecla, the great mine of the world, for 1903 was 
35 lbs. fine copper per ton of rock. Its cost is higher than those quoted, but it 
makes no report. It has paid in dividends to date $81,351,000 and for 1903 
$1,500,000. 

The cost of smelting Wall's Bingham per ton will be considerably less than value 
of gold and silver contents, and copper is worth much more than 8 cents per 
pound. 

Transportation facilities for this camp are the very best. The Copper Belt Rail- 
way connects with the Rio Grande Western Railway at Bingham and extends up 
main Bingham Canyon some three miles to the Commercial group, the property of 
the Bingham Consolidated Mining Company, and crosses the property of the United 
States Mining Company, the Utah Copper Company, the Ohio Copper Company and 
others. A branch of this railway also extends up Carr Fork to the Yampa, the Bos- 
ton Consolidated, the Maxwell group, and others, and to within a few hundred 
feet of the main working tunnel of the Utah Consolidated Mining Company. 

From Revere Station, three miles below the town of Bingham, a branch of 
the Rio Grande Western Railway extends three miles to the Dalton and Lark 
group, the property of the Bingham Consolidated Mining Company. 

The United States Company and the Utah Consolidated each have in operation 
aerial bucket tramways which deliver their ores at the Rio Grande Western 
Depot, from which point the railway connects with all the valley smelters. 

The development of the Bingham mines has brought to the camp the services 
and association of such conspicuous operators as Mr. Samuel Newhouse, who pro- 
moted the Utah Consolidated (Highland Boy), and who is now managing director 
of the Boston Consolidated; Captain Duncan McVichie, general manager, of the 
Bingham Copper and Bingham Consolidated Copper and Gold Mining Companies; 
Mr. R. H. Chaning, under whose management the Utah Consolidated (Highland 
Boy) has entered upon such a remarkable dividend paying career, and Mr. George 
H. Robinson, a mining engineer of national reputation, under whom the Yampa 
mine and smelter are now contributing to the State's wealth. 

On the west side of the Oquirrh range, which is also in reality part of this 
district, a great deal of work is being done with most promising indications. Since 
the conditions, . geological and otherwise, that have made Bingham what it is, 
exist unmistakably in the territory that lies over the crest of the range, there 
is no apparent reason why this hitherto unworked territory should not prove equally 
as valuable as the area east of the range's crest. Notable among those indus- 
triously and continuously engaged in demonstrating the value of the western slope 
of the Oquirrh range are the BingrTam Copper Boy and the Great Divides Mining 
Companies. 

Bingham is an incorporated city. It has a population of some 6,000, but these 
are scattered over a very considerable area. There are employed in the camp at the 
present time approximately 2,000 persons directly connected with the mines. 
These men average approximately $2.75 per day each. The mines of this camp 
are therefore paying directly close on $2,000,000 annually. Some estimate may 
thus be had of the value of this camp to Utah when the labor directly dependent 
on the Bingham mines is considered. 

Stockton — Dry Canyon — Ophtr 

The Oquirrh range of mountains, west and slightly south of Salt Lake City, 
embraces a mining district whose present tonnage exceeds that of all others in the 
State combined, and indications are that it will continue the same relative produc- 
tion indefinitely. The range is some thirty miles long and varies from five to ten 



120 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



miles in width. Within the area of this range are embraced the Bingham mines 
on the east, which also overtop the crest of the range and run down the western 
slope; the famous Mercur district on the south, as well as the Sunshine territory; 
the Stockton, Ophir and Dry Canyon districts on its western foothills, and the 
West Dip and other districts on the foothills to the southwest. Very rich ore has 
been found in all these districts, excepting perhaps in Sunshine and in West Dip 

districts, but the magnitude of the ore bodies 
this range has been shown to contain is un- 
rivaled in few places in the world. Gold, 
silver, copper and lead are its principal min- 
erals. 

When many of the now prominent min- 
ing districts of this State were undreamed of 
the territory embraced by the Stockton, Dry 
Canyon and Ophir districts was pouring out 
its riches in quantities never since equaled. 
The fall in the price of silver, and the slump 
in lead, practically killed these districts, 
which are all contiguous and really embraced 
in one general area having common geo- 
logical conditions. Less than twenty years 
ago Bingham was considered a camp that 
would never again experience the prosperity 
it once knew. The production of this camp 
then was as a drop in the bucket compared 
to the output to-day. 

With the introduction of labor saving 
methods in mining, and metallurgical discov- 
eries that resulted in vast savings in the cost 
of smelting, attention of mining men was 
again turned toward the Ophir, Dry Canyon 
and Stockton districts. Periodically work has 
been prosecuted on the Ophir Hill Consoli- 
dated property at Ophir, until Col. E. A. 
Wall, A. G. Campbell and T. B. Jones se- 
cured it and installed a plant for the eco- 
nomic handling of the vast ore reserves of 
this property on a large scale. The result 
was the concentration and sale of its ores at a 
distinct profit. It was later purchased by 
Senator W. A. Clark, and under the manage- 
ment of Mr. E. W. Clark continues to yield 
a splendid tonnage of low grade ores. 
Then Mr. C. H. Schue, aided by Mr. 
E. J. Raddatz, one of the persist- 
ent believers in the ultimate prosperity of the camp, interested such men 
as P. L. Kimberly, W. F. Snyder, M. H. Walker and others in some of the old 
Stockton mines under the name of the Honerine Mining & Milling Company. 
Capt. Duncan McVichie discovered virtues in the Galena King in the same vicin- 
ity, while Mr. Joseph Dederichs and others also took a hand later. Examination 
and exploratory work satisfied all concerned of the presence of vast bodies of 
silver-lead ores that could be worked to an undoubted profit. New life was in- 
fused into the old camp, and a campaign of development begun that promised to 




WILLARD F. SNYDER 



MINING DISTRICTS. 121 

realize everything hoped for long years. The front in all this work was at once 
taken by the Honerine people; but the inflow of water was so great as to menace 
every hopeful aspect of the undertaking. A tunnel was then projected to unwater 
the vast territory owned by the Honerine. This tunnel, about a mile and a half 
long, has already drained several of the mines higher up than the Honerine, and 
work on these has been resumed. Previous explorations had demonstrated not 
only the continuity of the veins known to exist, but had disclosed others of which 
there was no indications whatever on the surface. All this made the territory 
sought to be freed from water still more valuable, and the construction of a con- 
centrating mill, with a capacity for concentrating 600 tons of ore daily, was com- 
menced. This was to handle the limitless bodies of ore that would leave little, 
if any, margin to be shipped to the smelters, and was in no wise intended to affect 
the equally extensive bodies of higher grade ores that had been proven to exist in 
the company's ground. This mill is now completed at a cost of about $100,000, 
and is beginning to bring in the first returns the owners have had for nearly three 
years' work. In these days men do not expend vast sums of money in mining 
without the most absolute assurance of returns, and as the owners of the Honerine 
have spent nearly three-quarters of a million dollars to get at the ores, it puts the 
question of the extent and certainty of the ore bodies in the Honerine and contigu- 
ous territory absolutely at rest. The long bore will be finished in a short time. 
Already the water is receding, and the contributions to the ore tonnage of the State 
from this mine and adjoining properties is certain to be record breaking. Mr. 
W. F. Snyder, of the Western Exploration Company, is manager of the property, 
and E. J. Eaddatz the superintendent, under whom all the work referred to has been 
done. The company's mill is said to be the most perfect of its kind in the West. 

Writing of the geological formation of this district, Mr. F. H. Perkins says, 
among other things: "The contacts of the limes is where the most of the ore 
bodies are found. The east and west veins, or bedding planes, are nearly continu- 
ous ore bodies, regardless of ore chutes, because the north and south fissures, 
which cross them at right angles, are so large and close together, and have been 
such good passageways for the mineral-ladened solutions, that the beds, being 
acted on at such short intervals, have been completely filled with ore before the 
north and south fissures became recemented and the source of ore cut off. Some 
of the lime beds are so tight and metamorphosed that the alkaline solutions had 
little or no chance to dissolve the lime and deposit ore in its place. But the gray 
lime and some of the silicious limes were so readily attacked that it is their con- 
tacts which are the most favorable for making ore. So far none of the mines are. 
opened up deep enough to know how far this lime belt goes down, but judging 
from the length of the area titled on end, there is little danger of ever going 
through it. Water will stop the mining long before any such conditions will 
present themselves. The district seems to be a series of rectangular sections which 
have been so constructed and walled in by porphyry and other material through 
which water will not drain, that each rectangle is a tank, and until that particular 
section is drained, little show for sinking in that space can be looked for to any 
considerable depth." 

Some 400 men now find steady employment in the three camps formerly 
abandoned. Besides the Ophir Hill and Honerine mills, there is also one on the 
old Mona mine in Dry Canyon district. 

The Mercur District 

Mercur, known as the "Johannesburg of Utah," because of its large bodies of 
gold ore that can be reduced by the cyaniding process, is situated in the Camp 



122 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Floyd mining district. It is located at the southern end of the Oquirrh Moun- 
tains, a range that is only 30 miles long and from 10 to 12 miles wide, hut which 
yields a tonnage of minerals exceeded by few equal areas anywhere. The camp 
is reached by rail. First it was known as the Lewiston mining district, and about 
1870 and 1871 was noted for the unusual richness of silver ores found there. But 
these failing, the camp was later deserted entirely. It was known that cinnabar 
existed in the district, and while assays showed the presence of gold, no colors 
were ever obtainable as a result of panning. Later Arie Pinedo located a claim on 
a cinnabar vein and called it the "Mercur," after the mercury in the ore. This is 





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CONSOLIDATED MERCUR GOLD MINES CYANIDE MILL-1,200 TONS CAPACITY DAILY 

the origin of the camp's name. To the present time Mercur district has yielded 
some $12,000,000 in gold, while in the Sacramento mine quicksilver is to-day 
being extracted at a profit.. The Sacramento and the Consolidated Mercur Gold 
Mines are the only properties now in active operation in the camp. 

Carboniferous limestone is the country rock that prevails in the Mercur dis- 
trict. In the Mercur Basin there are exposed sedimentary beds of an aggregate 
thickness of 12,000 feet, the mineral veins occupying a place near the middle of 
this series of stratified rock. About a mile southwest of Mercur, down the 
Lewiston Canyon, is the summit of an anticline, with northwest axis, the canyon 
cutting across it at about right angles. At the axis the strata lie horizontally. 
Going either up or down the canyon from this point the strata gradually change 
from the horizontal and begin to dip to the northeast and to the southwest, the 
dip increasing with the distance from the axis. The district is thus divided into 
two parts, called the "East Dip" and the "West Dip." Mercur is on the east and 
the dip of the vein there is from 15 to 20 degrees. In the "West Dip" the veins 
and strata are much steeper, the incline being about 35 degrees. 



MINING DISTRICTS. 123 

Formerly it was held that there were two veins at Mercur. It is customary 
now to say there are four — the silver vein, and the upper, middle and lower gold 
veins. The silver ledge is "below the gold ledges, and is that from which silver 
was mined in the early days, but the values were too variable, and the occurrence 
of ores too uncertain to induce continued work thereon. Lying immediately upon 
the silver ledge is the lower gold ledge; 100 to 150 feet above this is the middle 
ledge, and some 40 feet higher still is the upper gold ledge. 

The chief vein is the middle one, which averages about 20 feet in thickness, 
though it has widened out to 70 feet at points, while the upper vein averages 
over 12 feet in thickness, though in the Golden Gate mine an ore body 90 feet in 
thickness was exposed. The ores run in chutes as in many other formations. 
The veins or ledges are continuous for several miles in extent, and were readily 
found by prospectors. While small quantities of gold are always present in the 
vein, the mineralization is not so uniform that the discovery of the vein implies 
the discovery also of ore that will pay. Some of the highest grade ores come from 
points where the vein is widest, as in the case of the 90-foot ore body in the Golden 
Gate mine. 

The principal minerals of the silver ledge are silica, calcite, barite stibnite, 
silver, and a little gold, but not a trace of lead. The gold ledges, in addition to 
some of the foregoing, contain also realgor, orpiment, cinnabar, pyrite and gold, 
but no silver. No one has been able to see gold in the ore, even by the use of a 
microscope. 

The extent of the ore bodies is undeterminable, that is, the extent of ore bodies 
of such character and with such values as will pay for the working. The area 
covered with ores of the same general class as are found in Mercur district proper 
is very extensive. They are found some three miles to the south, and to the 
west some five miles, where north and south veins containing adequate values 
extend for perhaps seven miles. At present slimes in the veins of the area outside 
Mercur itself prevent the successful and economic working of the ores, so that, 
while the values are there and the extent of ores practically beyond computation, 
new methods are yet to be devised for the profitable extraction of the gold. 
Already, in measure, this obstacle has been overcome, and when it is recalled that 
all the ores of this wonderful district were without any commercial value until the 
application of the cyanide process to them' less than ten years ago, it goes without 
saying that a method of profitably obtaining the values from the ores on the west 
dip, and in the area south of the Mercur mines, will yet be discovered. Savings 
also will be introduced which will afford satisfactory 'returns for the handling of 
ores, the values in which, at this time, are inadequate to warrant their working. 
Of these the Consolidated Mercur Mines Company has absolutely unlimited quan- 
tities, while the area outside that company's ground containing ore of this char- 
acter is such that it can be worked on the vastest scale for limitless time without 
apparent diminution in the quantity. 

The unexplored territory of the Consolidated Mercur Gold Mines Company is 
practically limitless, and as exploratory work in the past has only served to demon- 
strate the continuity of vast bodies that will pay to handle under processes now 
employed, the life of the property, without the discovery of methods for the prac- 
tical and profitable working of ores in which the values are lower, or in which 
slimes now operate as a bar to a handling sufficiently economic, is assured for an 
indefinite period. At the time of its completion the cyaniding mill of the Con- 
solidated Mercur Gold Mines Company (picture of which is here given) was the 
largest plant of its kind in the world. It has a capacity of approximately 1,200 
tons of ore every 24 hours. 

The Sacramento Gold Mining Company also has a mill and a plant for the 
saving of quicksilver. 



124 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Some 400 men are now employed in and about the camp, and this number will 
be added to indefinitely if experiments now being made shall result as successfully 
as hoped for. 

Tintic District 

Tintic is one of the earliest mining districts in Utah. It covers an area about 
eight miles in length by two miles in width, and is separated by distinctive form- 
ations into what may be called the south and north halves. The south half is a 
porphyry area, the veins ranging from two to ten. feet in thickness, and are very 
rich in silver and lead. The veins run north and south. They were worked to a 
depth of 150 to 300 feet when pyritic iron, carrying only small values in the 
precious metals were encountered. The general supposition being that the veins 
had failed, work was suspended. In 1893 William Hatfield relocated the old 
Swansea, which in the past had yielded $1,000,000, and began sinking a shaft. 
He worked in a small way till the fall of 1895, when the shaft passed the iron 
zone and disclosed a very rich lode of silver and lead ore. Since then extensive 
developments within the limits of this rich lode have demonstrated that the valu- 
able ores underlaid the iron cap, and a new era was inaugurated in the porphyry 
area to the south end of the district, and in the vicinity of Silver City. 

In the north half of the district the minerals occur in wide belts of limestone, 
ranging in width from 150 to 600 or more feet. The ore bodies occur in the form 
of- great lenticular masses of quartz, carrying gold, silver, lead and copper as the 
valuable minerals, while in places the ores are rich in iron and manganese. Cop- 
per ores also occur, particularly in the Eureka Hill, in the north end of the dis- 
trict, and in the Mammoth, Ajax, Carisa, Victor, Boss Tweed and North Star 
properties in the south end of the north half of the district. In the northern 
portion of the district, around the town of Eureka, the principal values are in 
gold and silver, the lead occurring in the form of a carbonate near the surface 
and in galena at greater depth, the exception to this condition being found in the 
Eagle mine, which has produced principally gold, and in the Centennial-Eureka 
mine, where gold occurs in considerable quantities, representing, it is believed, 
fully one-half of the value of its output. 

The gold bearing rock, as a rule, occurs in the bedding planes of the lime, 
forming cross country veins within the mineralized zone, having a strike and dip 
coincident with the bed of the country. The formation is pseudomorphic after 
the lime. 

The silver usually occurs in veins forming in more or less regular north and 
south lines, with a general dip to the west, cutting the formation of the country 
at an acute angle both in strike and dip. The ore occurs in distinctive chutes, 
usually connected one with another by pipes or ore channels running almost any 
direction from the horizontal to the vertical. From such an ore pipe or chute 
the large ore output from the Bullion-Beck was derived for some years. 

Even the deepest workings in Tintic — in fact, all the workings — are absolutely 
free from water. Mines in this district have been continuously worked during 
the past thirty-four years, and have added to the world's supply of the precious 
metals, together with the lead and copper and iron contained in the ores, many 
millions of dollars. 

The workings in the various mines are extensive, and while the total aggregate 
of development is not obtainable, it is believed by the well-informed mining men 
of the district, that the total underground workings in the mines of the district 
would not fall short of seventy-five miles. 

A peculiar feature of the district, and one conclusively demonstrated by the 
deepest workings, is that the gold values increase with depth. It is the only 



MINING DISTRICTS. 125 

instance ever known of where silver, lead and copper veins have lost the base and 
silver values with depth and increased their gold values, the gold occurring in 
deposits of quartz associated with barita, usually known as heavy spar. While 
the general average of the values is maintained with depth, the gold extracted, as 
compared with the gross output, is constantly increasing. 

Latterly discoveries reported in the Gemini-Keystone and Bullion-Beck groups 
of mines have satisfied many that the great ore zone on which the Mammoth, 
Grand Central, Centennial-Eureka, Bullion-Beck and Gemini-Keystone and other 
mines are known to be located, extends to the north undiminished in size and in 
the wonderful richness of its ores. On the Dagmar-Northwest and Raymond and 
Illinois groups, therefore, shafts are being sunk with every prospect of proving 
that the great ore bodies which have made the wonderful Centennial-Eureka 
famous among the world's noted mines, run still to the north unimpaired in vol- 
ume and in values. 

Cheaper smelting and railroad rates have reduced the tonnage of ores that 
formerly were concentrated in the mills of this district. These, when in operation, 
have a capacity for handling about 800 tons of ore daily. The volume of ores and 
concentrates from this district to the smelters in Salt Lake valley for 1893 ap- 
proximated 225,000 tons. 

Close on 1,500 miners are employed in this district, with wages averaging $3 
per day per man for 365 days in the year — an increase of nearly 100 per cent, 
above the output of the preceding year. 

Eureka is the principal mining camp in the district, and has every modern 
convenience and a population of about 5,000 souls. Robinson, Silver City and 
Diamond are other camps in the district named in the order of their importance 
after the city of Eureka. 

Gold Mountain Mining District 

While quite so far as a public knowledge of the existence of minerals is con- 
cerned, Gold Mountain mining district has but recently assumed the importance 
that those long identified with it have felt it was entitled to. That the develop- 
ments in the Annie Laurie Mining Company's properties have had much to do 
with the existing impetus cannot be denied, and this truth is doubly emphasized 
by the fact that like geological conditions and similar mineralizations occur 
throughout the whole district. This warrants the conclusion that ore as it appears 
in the Annie Laurie may naturally be looked for in all parts of the district where 
the formation and mineralization are like those found in the Annie Laurie. Jere- 
miah Mahoney, M. E., writing of this district, says among other things: 

"Speaking in a general sense, the geology of the area receiving my closest at- 
tention appears to be in the order of quartzite, limestone and shales, and these 
surmounted by trachyte of great thickness, excepting where it has been displaced 
by the immense porphyry dykes which traverse the county in a northwest and 
southeast direction. With due allowance for the effects of the profound Assuring, 
caused by the great intrusions of the quartz veins and porphyry dykes, it can be 
said, with reasonable certainty, that the general formation maintains its identity 
and continuity throughout the area of my investigations. 

"The bedding of the sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, as disclosed by the 
contour of this detached mountain, as seen looking west from Marysvale, and 
particularly by the section examined by me, is so regular, in a general way, as to 
warrant the opinion that the uplift on the outer rim was fairly gradual and 
uniform, or at least not attended by any violent disruption; while the center of 
the range emphasizes the eruptive outlet of the great subterranean forces, bring- 
ing to the surface the great quartz veins and other intrusions, which now consti- 



126 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



tute the well-defined and persistent mineral zone, embracing the Log Cabin, the 
Gold Development, the Annie Laurie and other meritorious mining propositions. 
These results are undoubtedly due to a series of volcanic movements, representing 
especially the Devonian, the Carboniferous and the Tertiary ages, and while each 
age has left an impress more or less distinct, it is probably impossible at this time 
to unravel and analyze all the changes and eruptive movements which have taken 
place in the various rocks, composing the general formation, and it is not neces- 
sary to do so, since the final result, as left by the ultimating process, is a series 
of parallel fissure veins, with several strong lateral associates, which, for width 

persistency and unbroken con- 
tinuity, cannot be surpassed by 
any mining region of which I 
have any knowledge. Nearly 
all the lateral fissures, the gen- 
etic relations of which to the 
great northwest and south- 
east fissures are completely es- 
tablished by abundant evi- 
dence, have a general east and 
west course, and the most 
prominent of them develop 
their greatest strength and 
most pronounced mineraliza- 
tion the nearer they approach 
the craters on the Sunshine 
and Edna properties, owned by 
the Log Cabin Mining Com- 
pany. These craters, sur- 
rounded by great masses of 
quartz and mineralized por- 
phyry, furnish every evidence 
that they are the most pro- 
nounced passage of the vol- 
canic motion, required to pre- 
pare the fissures for the forma- 
tion of the great mineral zone, 
of which they are the center. 
"Isolated small outflows of 
rhyolite, so glassy as to suggest 
obsidian, occur in a few places 
along the line of the mineral 
zone, but as they are not contiguous to it, they cannot be of consequence in the 
formation of the former or its vein filling. There also came under my observation 
a few small phonolite dykes, the most noticeable of which are on the ridge, separat- 
ing beaver and Deer Creek Canyons. 

The whole district possesses a structural formation promotive of vein filling, 
and carries those eruptive rocks which are the invariable accompaniment of ore. 
There are several small faults through the range of mountains embraced in the 
Gold Mountain Mining District, but are not of such a serious nature as to lessen 
the identity or obstruct the unbroken continuity of the vein. The Annie Laurie 
Mining Company's properties located on the northerly end of this district, as also 
the Annie Laurie Extension properties to the south of the Annie Laurie, do not 
show faulting of any perceptible magnitude. In fact, there is but one visible 




A. E. HYDE, JR. 



MINING DISTRICTS. 127 

lateral fault, according to Mr. Mahoney, which, he says in his report on the dis- 
trict, is at the head of the south fork of Deer Creek Canyon, where the strike of 
the fissures suddenly changes from a northwest and southeast to a due north and 
south course. This fracture is clear cut and rather short, and is a "thrust" or 
"reverse" fault. The amount of its displacement does not exceed the width of 
the vein. The practical hearings of the foregoing facts are not far to seek. 
They, and the conditions generated by them, as well as those responsible for 
their own creation, have a well attested manifestation in a great mineral zone 
eminently worthy of a liberal and intelligent exploration. They represent an 
inviting field for capital, and induce the conviction that, with thorough prospect- 
ing and development, there will be uncovered along this mineral zone several 
mines of the magnitude and productiveness of the Annie Laurie, whose outcrop, 
structural formation, and general surface indications are identical in texture and 
composition with the rest of the properties lying on this belt. 

A striking example of what intelligently expended money will do in this 
district is demonstrated by the Annie Laurie mine, which three years ago was sold 
for less than $230,000 to the present owners, who have since that time developed 
it into a mine conservatively valued at between three and a half and four million 
dollars. 

The Annie Laurie is situated at the extreme north end of the district, while 
the Log Cabin and adjoining claims are some eight miles south. Eecent develop- 
ments in these properties have demonstrated the absolute accuracy of Mr. Ma- 
honey's conclusions. Gold ore varying in value from $20 to $200 per ton has 
been found in strong veins, and work is still being prosecuted upon the veins in 
which this occurred. 

Between these two properties is situated the Gold Pan and the Annie Laurie 
Extension ground, which have ore in place, and which are doing considerable 
work towards the development of this country. Besides this, the Wedge and 
other claims are showing steady and profitable values in ore. On the ores of this 
and claims owned by the same parties a mill is now in operation. At the Annie 
Laurie a mill, with a capacity of 350 tons per day, is in constant operation, and 
it may be stated absolutely that at no time has the latter property ever presented 
so encouraging an appearance. The Sevier Mining Company, west of the Annie 
Laurie, is also operating a mill. 

The district has been a lead and silver producer for over twenty years, as 
shown by the Bully and Webster group of claims; so that, while at present it is 
chiefly known as a gold region, it is not wanting in other minerals. Copper has 
also been found in the Bully and Webster, while the Deer Trail is one of the best 
known properties in the State. 

Kimberley is the chief location for the territory surrounding the Annie 
Laurie. Some three hundred and fifty miners and mill men find employment in 
this section. For the district surrounding the Log Cabin territory and the area to 
the south, Marysvale, the present southern terminus of the Rio Grande Western 
Railroad, is the supply point. Perhaps 200 miners and mill men find employment 
in this end of the noted district. 

Deep Creek District 

What is commonly known as the Deep Creek territory is really a vast area 
which includes several distinct mining districts, all of which have been explored 
for many years, and to an extent sufficient to prove beyond question the great 
variety of minerals contained there no less than their certain extent. Practically 
every mineral of commercial value known to the State may be found in this area, 



128 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

and found in quantities that, under conditions 'affording reasonable facilities for 
the transportation of ores, could be worked to distinct advantage. The distance 
of the mines, however, from railroad connection has been a steady bar to extensive 
operations and, with rare exceptions, the owners of properties there have been 
compelled to wait and hope for some cheaper method of transmitting the products 
of their mines than their hauling by wagon over vast stretches of the Great Ameri- 
can Desert, in which the several districts, generally embraced under the term 
Deep Creek, are situated. 

Among the mines that have, despite the very great expense involved in the. 
transportation of ores, maintained steady operations and regular shipments, are 
the Utah and the Galena at Fish Springs. Especially is this true of the former, 
which has been developed to a depth of 800 feet, at which point the ore bodies 
continue in undiminished quantity and richness. This mine has marketed over 
$600,000 worth of ore that would average 50 per cent, lead and 145 ounces of silver 
to the ton, and has paid some $225,000 in dividends. The Galena also has pro- 
duced and marketed over half a million dollars of lead and silver, and has paid 
nearly $75,000 in dividends. Other mines have also produced and shipped ore, 
and on one, the Midas, a mill is in operation for the concentration of ores so that 
the cost of transportation may be reduced to a point that will yield a steady profit 
for the operation of the property. 

The existence of ore in the district in such quantities as would pay for the 
construction of a railroad has passed the point of interrogation, but conditions 
favorable to such a consummation, so long and hopefully looked forward to by 
those interested in that section, have yet to obtain. Eoads can be built to all the 
districts and practically all the developed mines, at a minimum outlay, as grades 
are substantially eliminated, and for almost the entire year they are in excellent 
condition. All transportation is at present by horse, but the near future holds 
out hopes of a method of conveying ores to the smelter that will prove nearly as 
advantageous as the presence of a railway. This end is to be obtained through 
the employment of traction automobiles, several of Avhich are now designed to 
meet the exigencies existing in the case of these mining districts. 

Mining camps are found in Dugway, Ibapah, Granite, Detroit, Fish Springs, 
Deep Creek proper, Dry Canyon, Granite Creek, Gold Hill, Dutch Mountains, 
Clifton, and still others. Once a cheap means of transportation is obtained for 
the ores of this area, the tonnage of the State from the mines will be vastly in- 
creased, and the value of the State's gold and silver, lead and copper and iron 
product will be enormously added to. 

Beaver and Contiguous Districts 

The first extraction of metals in Utah was made in 1858-9 in Beaver County, 
when lead was run from ores and moulded into bullets to war against aggressive 
Indians. While time has not dealt as kindly with that district as with others, 
there is no dispute as to the presence in that area of ores -of almost every kind and 
in inexhaustible quantities. Wherever work has been prosecuted it has demon- 
strated that the ores are not superficial, and the surface mineralization is so general 
and striking that it were folly to assume nature had spread her riches on top of 
the ground at the expense of their existence at depth. As far as any workings in 
the district have penetrated the earth, the ore continues in unabated strength, 
with a tendency to the making of copper. In fact the whole of southwestern 
Utah and southeastern Nevada appears to be a vast area in which nature has 
lavished a wealth of copper ores that . would seem to be absolutely limitless in 
extent, and a great portion of which is of extraordinary richness. This is demon- 



MINING DISTRICTS. 



129 



strated by the rich copper ores taken from the Apex mine (of the Utah & Eastern 
Copper Company's group), in Washington County, now being worked at a per- 
pendicular depth of over 800 feet below the surface; and in the Horn Silver mine 
in Beaver County, which has followed its ore bodies 2,000 feet into the bowels of 
the earth, and which to-day is contributing silver, lead and copper ores to the 
State's aggregate metal tonnage. At periodical intervals the lead mines of the 
district have been worked, and while the long haul to the smelters has eaten up 
the profits there has been no instance of a diminution either in the size or in the 
value of the ore bodies. The 
Horn Silver mine has paid 
nearly $5,400,000 in divi- 
dends and has been worked 
without interruption for 
about thirty years. To this 
mine and the tonnage it gave 
was due the extension from 
Juab to Milford — over 100 
miles — of what is now the 
San Pedro, Los Ange- 
les and Salt Lake Kail- 
road. 

Despite the financial com- 
plications that exist regard- 
ing some of the mining prop- 
erties in Beaver County, the 
presence of ores is unques- 
tioned, and the existence of 
extensive and permanent cop- 
per bearing zones is forever 
set at rest by the depth of 
the Horn Silver workings 
and the developments of the 
past eighteen months in the 
Cactus — the latest copper 
property to win the attention 
of Mr. Samuel Newhouse, 
whose name is indissolubly 
associated with the Highland 
Boy and the Boston Consoli- 
dated copper producers of 
Bingham. 

Through the persistent and assiduous efforts of State Senator A. B. Lewis, 
the attention of Eastern investors w r as attracted to the possibilities of the copper 
area of Beaver County after a long period of neglect. Ten carloads of ore were 
shipped to Eastern smelters which averaged over 40 per cent, copper. So great 
was the quantity and so hi^h the percentage of copper that the shipment created 
a sensation. On part of the claims from which this ore was taken the Majestic 
Copper Mining & Smelting Company was founded, developments prosecuted and 
a smelter erected. Direction of this company was surrendered by Mr. Lewis, after 
which financial difficulties beset it, in consequence of which operations have been 
temporarily suspended. In no wise are these difficulties, however, chargeable to a 
failure of the mines of the company, or to a diminution of the ore bodies. The 
whose district suffers, nevertheless, in consequence, and suffers undeservedly. As 
already stated, all work done, in all properties, has absolutely demonstrated the 




HON. A. B. LEWIS 



130 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

permanence and value of the ore bodies. So far as the West is concerned it has 
yet to be shown that in one or two successful properties in a section are confined 
all the ores that may be handled with a profit. The history of the Horn Silver 
mine, and the vast expenditures being made by Mr. Newhouse preparatory to the 
reduction of the unlimited ore bodies in the Cactus mine, go to prove, first, in the 
Horn Silver mine, the long life of the mineral bodies in Beaver County, and sec- 
ond, in the Cactus, the faith of a most careful and successful investor in another 
property there. It is ridiculous to assume, therefore, that no other mines of 
magnitude and depth exist in that district. 

Having this in mind, and being supported by the most capable expert investi- 
gation, Senator Lewis, despite the untoward effect of the Majestic's present con- 
dition, is continuing his efforts in behalf of this wonderful district with unabated 
persistence, and is destined to accomplish all he had hoped for when the ill-starred 
Majestic Company was launched. 

Developments in the Cactus ledges have been prosecuted to such an extent 
that a contract has been made with the American Smelting & Eefining Company 
for its ores, to continue for several years, and plans are out and contracts let for 
the perfect equipment of a concentrating plant with a capacity of 1,500 tons 
daily. Springs were bought by Mr. Newhouse at Wah Wah, a distance of nine 
miles from the property, and pipes are already laid to convey this water to the 
great property with which it is now connected. A tunnel over a mile in length is 
being run for the economic handling of the ores, and it is stated that between 
$750,000 and $1,000,000 will have been expended by the time the concentration 
and exportation of ores will have been satisfactorily inaugurated. 

Senator Lewis' efforts are now bent in the direction of putting on a working 
basis what is perhaps the most extensive group of claims controlled by one of the 
largest corporations- ever formed for mining purposes exclusively. This is the 
Monarch Mining Company. The project is backed by one of the wealthiest syndi- 
cates ever brought together for the purpose for which the Monarch is organized. 
This corporation is formed by the absorption of several other companies, notably 
the Imperial, which owned the widely known Comet — adjoining the famed Cactus 
— and the Massachusetts, and other mines; and the Eoyal Company, which was 
possessed of the well-known Montreal mine — adjoining the Old Hickory, from 
which the Majestic smelter was fed with copper ores during its run. Very many 
other valuable mining claims in addition to those named, belonged also to com- 
panies absorbed by the Monarch in the Beaver districts. Besides these, the new 
company has taken to itself the Manhattan group of claims at Pioche, Nevada — 
all of the above producing chiefly copper, with gold, silver and lead as well, but 
of secondary importance. The present Monarch likewise embraces the Pioche 
Consolidated Mining Company, whose great yield of silver ores in former days 
made for its owners millions of dollars in dividends; and finally it is also possessed 
of the Last Chance group of claims in Bingham Canyon, or West Mountain 
mining district, and any property in that camp has but to be named to indicate 
most desirable area. The purpose of the Monarch Mining Company is to mine, 
concentrate and smelt the ores which the ground it owns in the wide area covered 
by its properties will yield. 

The geological character of the country in which the Last Chance group is 
situated will be found fully set forth in the chapter on Bingham. Speaking 
generally of the wide territory in southwestern Utah and southeastern Nevada,, 
in which the Monarch's domains are situated, it may generally be said that nature 
has created such conditions there as to minerals that there seems no possible 
chance of the ore bodies having been cut off, or being superficial. Eruptive dykes 
permeate all through the section in question; and, by development, these have 



MINING DISTRICTS. 131 

invariably shown that the ore bodies occur at or near the junction of these eruptive 
dykes with the different formations. There is, therefore, practically no possi- 
bility for the ores to fail with depth. 

The extraordinary percentage of copper ores above referred to, and in different 
parts of the area mentioned, is rivaled by the silver and gold and lead returns in 
notable instances. But these, while attracting attention^ are of little lasting 
interest to the investor. The search is for larger bodies of ore with permanent 
average values sufficiently great to warrant extensive work at a fair profit. No 
field is more inviting, in view of the conditions named, than that now invaded by 
Mr. Lewis and his backers. That mines ere long will be developed in that sec- 
tion, yielding a tonnage to rival the most noted, is as certain as that one day is 
to follow another — mischief-makers and croakers to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Stateline 

This district is located in Iron County, some 16 miles west of Modena, on the 
San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad. It has not been widely pros- 
pected as yet, but considerable work has been done on the Ophir and Johnny 
mines there. The former has been extensively developed, and shows heavy and 
regular veins in which silver ore of remarkable richness occurs. A fine new mill 
with a capacity of 100 tons daily is on the property, but work has been suspended 
for some time because of legal complications respecting the ownership, which is 
in Michigan parties. 

The Johnny mine, perhaps two miles west of the Ophir, is a gold proposition 
pure and simple. While the Ophir is dry the Johnny develops goodly quantities 
of water. Gold ore of phenomenal value is of frequent occurrence in this mine. 
A fifty-ton cyanide plant is in constant operation, and the mine, while steadily 
being developed and fitted for a greater extraction of ore, still yields a profit 
above all expenses and is numbered among the State's dividend payers. 

Many of the properties in the district are being operated in a small way, and 
the presence of the ore bodies in the Johnny, as to extent and value, convinces 
others interested in the district that their properties are destined to rival the 
Johnny — and the assumption is by no means an unreasonable one. 

Tutsagabet 

A smelter owned by the Utah and Eastern Copper Company handles daily 
between 50 and 60 tons of the copper ores found in the Tutsagabet mining dis- 
trict, some eighteen miles north of St. George, the capital of Washington — the 
most southerly county in the State. It lies in the Beaver Dam Mountains, and 
has long enjoyed a reputation for having unlimited quantities of the highest 
average grade copper to be found in any mining district in the. United States. The 
general formation is lime, in which a series of parallel fissures occur. In these 
fissures the ore appears in chutes. Not infrequently, however, the ore runs off 
into the bedding planes of the limestone. As already stated, the chief product 
of the district is copper ore of high grade, but gold, silver, lead and other metals 
are also present. One mine, the Black Warrior, is a vast mass of lead carbonate. 
For some fifteen years the Apex mine and adjoining properties, now owned by the 
Utah and Eastern Copper Company, have been successfully operated. The aver- 
age value of the ores may be estimated when it is stated that the copper matte has 
to be hauled some sixty-five miles by wagon over very heavy grades to rail con- 
nection, and coke and all supplies hauled back for the same distance by the same 
means. The ore is carted by wagon three miles to the smelter, and even water 



132 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

has to be carried by wagon the three miles back to the mine. The percentage of 
copper must, therefore, be very high to stand all this expense and still leave a 
profit. The distance to rail is being reduced one-third by the construction of a 
new road, which also affords an easier grade, and is better for bad seasons of the 
year. The fact that this road is being constructed by the Utah and Eastern Cop- 
per Company at its own expense, is an attestation of the value of the ores its mines 
yield, and of the faith of those heavily interested in the life of their property and 
of the district. 

The obstacles mentioned will give a satisfactory reason for the failure of any 
general development in a district where one mine has done so much. For a dis- 
tance of fifteen miles along the lime zone mentioned, claims have been located 
and ores, rivaling those of the Apex in richness, . found. Developments in the 
Apex mine, the chief property of the Utah & Eastern Copper Company (which 
alone, keeps the camp alive) have gone to a perpendicular depth below the surface 
of 800 feet, without any change in the character of the ores or variation in their 
extent and richness. 

The whole of southwestern Utah is a vast copper-bearing area, and that the 
Dixie or "Tutsagabet" district, with the removal of obstacles now taking place 
through the enterprise of the Utah & Eastern Copper Company, is certain to 
become one of the most conspicuous in the West for the extent and high character 
of the copper ores it will yield. The especial area covered by the Tutsagabet 
copper ores is perhaps fifteen miles square. 

At Silver Beef and Leeds, mineralogists and geologists were first confronted 
with the statement that silver existed in paying quantities in the sandstone reefs 
of the northern part of Washington County. The assertion was denied by 
scientists, but the mills kept on crushing the sandstone and taking out silver at 
a profit until the fall of value in that metal in 1893, when it could no longer be 
recovered at a profit, and the camp was abandoned. Many a house in Leeds and 
Silver Reef will assay high in silver, having been built of the silver-bearing sand- 
stones so abundant there. 

Large gypsum deposits exist in this neighborhood, and a superior quality of 
anthracite coal is found, though the vein is very small. Oils steadily flow from 
natural wells, but the distance to rail connection is so great as to render them 
commercially valueless. 

Park Valley is a comparatively new district, located in the northwestern part 
of the State, about 20 miles north of the Southern Pacific Railroad. It produces 
gold and gives promise of becoming an important factor in the gold production of 
the State. Owners of claims are, in the main, men of limited means and develop- 
ments have been slow, a condition that prevails in nearly all districts in the begin- 
ning unless values are sensational. The Century Gold Mining Company has a 
mill, which is regularly turning out gold, and the company is paying dividends 
periodically. 

La Platte. — Superficial showings in this district, which lies practically midway 
between Logan on its north and Ogden on its south, would seem to indicate the 
presence of vast mineral lodes at depth. Remarkable disclosures of galena or 
lead ores first attracted attention to the locality, and these led to investigation, 
which showed that the country for miles to the north, east and west was all 
highly mineralized, and outside the particular locality of La Platte itself copper 
seemed to abound. Until lately systematic and extensive work has not been 
prosecuted on any of the claims, and while there is little reason to doubt that 
extensive bodies of both copper and galena are in that section, they are yet to be 
found in place. 

Near Vernal, in Uintah County, besides the hydrocarbons already referred to 



MINING DISTRICTS. 133 

as existing in this section, are other minerals — notably copper: Very rich copper 
ores are found in the mountain ranges in this county east of Vernal, as well as 
other minerals. The great distance from railroad connection stands, however, in 
the way of extensive development, but as far as work has been done, and from 
superficial indications, the hydrocarbons are not the only wealth nature has stored 
up for this outlying section. 

La Sal. — In the La Sal country, which lies in the southeastern portion of the 
State, very rich copper ore has been found, and the general formation and the 
occurrence of ore, together with the presence of both gold and silver in phe- 
nomenal values leave little doubt that another great mining district lies here 
awaiting with patience time for development. Here, too, the absence of trans- 
portation facilities is the great obstacle to more active work. 

The same general statements apply to the mining districts in the Blue and 
Henry Mountains, where also copper, gold and silver ores are known to exist 
extensively, and to run very high in values. 

Conclusion 

The foregoing by no means covers either all the districts or all mining localities 
in the State, but those named are the more conspicuous. Not a county of the 
twenty-seven in the State but has minerals known to exist in quantities that might 
be worked to a profit. But capital is necessary, and that inclined to go into 
mining naturally seeks localities where conditions present the greatest certainties 
as to results, where labor and supplies are readily obtainable, and where the trans- 
portation of the ores and the hauling of supplies will not eat the heart out of the 
returns. Hence many promising districts must await local development or the 
overflow of mining capital from districts in which the common impulse now is 
to place money that can be secured for mining purposes. 



Minerals Found in Utah 

The following minerals are of record as occurring within the State. Such of 
them as are present in the ores of the active mines are steadily produced. Others 
are mined only as demand may justify: 



Actinolite. 


Antimony. 


Agate. 


Apatite. 


Agatized Wood. 


Aragonite. 


Alabaster. 


Argentiferous Galena. 


Albite. 


Argentite, or Sulphide of Silver. 


Almandite. 


Arsenic (Orpiment, Realgar). 


Alum, in varieties. 


Arsenolite. 


Alunogen. 


Arsenopyrite. 


Amethyst. 


Asbestos. 


Amphibole, in varieties. 


Atacamite, or Chloride of Copper. 


Anglesite, or Lead Sulphate. 


Aguite. 


Anthraconite. 


Azurite, or Copper Carbonate. • 


Barite. 


Bitumen. 


Barytocalcite. 


Blende, or Zinc Sulphide. 


Basalt. 


Blue Vitriol. 


Biotite. 


Bog Iron Ore. 


Bird Guano.' 


Bole, in varieties. 


Bismuth. 


Bornite, or purple copper. 


Bismuthinite. 


Bosjemanite, or Manganese Alum 


Bismuthtite. 


Brochantite. 


Calamine, or Zinc Silicate. 


Chalybite. 


Calcite, in varieties. 


Chromite. 


Calcspar. 


Chrysocolla, or Copper Silicate. 


Carnotite. 


Chrysolite. 


Cats-eye Opal. 


Cinnabar. 


Cerargyrite, or Silver Chloride. 


Clinochlore. 


Cerusite, or Lead Carbonate. 


Clinoclasite. 


Chalcanthite, or Copper Sulphate. 


Coal (Ignitic and Bituminous). 


Chalcedony. 


Conichalcite. 


Chalcocite, or Vitreous Copper. 


Copper (native). 


Chalcopyrite, or Copper Pyrites. 


Cuprite, or Red Copper Ore. 


Dog-tooth Spar (Calcite). 


Dufenoysite. 


Dolomite. 




Elaterite. 


Epsomite. 


Embolite, of Chlor-Bromid Silver. 


Erinite. 


Enargite. 


Erubiscite. 


Epidote, 




Franklinite. 


Freieslebenite, or Gray Silver Ore. 


Feldspar, in varieties. 


Fullers Earth. 


Floss Ferri. 




Galenite. 


Glauberite. 


Garnet, in varieties. 


Gold (native). 


Geyserite. . 


Gray Copper Ore. 


Gilsonite (Uintaite). 





MINERALS FOUND IN UTAH. 



135 



Halite, in varieties. 

Halotrichite. 

Hematite, in varieties. 

Hornblende. 

Horn Silver, or Cerargyrite. 

Iron Ochres. 
Iron Pyrites. 

Jarosite. 

Jasper, in varieties. 

Kaolinte, or Porcelain Clay. 

Lava. 

Lignite, in varieties. 

Limarite, or Cuperous Anglesite. 

Magnesite. 

Magnetite. 

Malachite, or Copper Carbonate. 

Mallardite. 

Marcasite, or White Pyrites. 

Marl, in varieties. 

Melanterite. 

Miargyrite, or White Ruby Silver. 

Mica, in varieties. 

Nitre, or Salt Peter. 
Nitro-Calcite. 

Obsidian. 

Ochres, in varieties. 

Olivenite. 

Olivine. 

Onofrite. 

Onyx. 

Paraffine. 

Pea-stone (see Pisolite). 

Petrified Wood. 

Pharmacosiderite. 

Phenacite. 

Phosgenite. 

Pickeringite, or Magnesia Alum. 

Pisolite. 

Pitchblende (Uraninite). 

Quartz, in varieties. 

Radiated Calcite. 
Realgar. 
Ribbon Jasper. 
Rock Salt. 

Sal Ammoniac. 
Salt Peter, or Mtre. 
Sanidin. 



Hydrargillite. 

Hydrocuprite, or copper ore. 
Hydrosiderite. 
Hydrosteatite. 

Iron Vitriol. 

Jet. 



Limonite, or Iron Ore. 
Lodestone, or Magnetic Iron Ore. 
Luckite. 

Micaceous Hematite, or Iron Ore. 

Mineral Wax (see Utahcerite). 

Mirabilite. 

Mispickel. 

Mixite. 

Molybdate of Lead. 

Moss Agate. 

Muscovite, or White Mica. 

Nitro-Glauberite. 



Oolite. 

Opal, in varieties. 

Opalized Wood. 

Orpiment. 

Ozocerite. 



Plumbago. 

Prase, or Green Quartz. 

Proustite, or Ruby Silver. 

Pyrargyrite or Ruby Silver. 

Pyrites, in varieties. 

Pyrolusite, or Manganese Ore. 

Pyromorphite, or Lead Phosphate. 

Pyronene. 

Pyrozene, in varieties. 



Rose Quartz. 

Ruby Copper (see Cuprite). 

Ruby Silver (see Pyrargyrite). 

Smithsonite, or Zinc Carbonate. 
Smoky Quartz. 
Soapstone, in varieties. 



136 



THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 



Sard. 

Sardonyx. 

Stalactites. 

Satin Spar. 

Selenite, or Transparent Gypsum. 

Siderite. 

Silicious Sinter. 

Silver (native). 

Tale, in varieties. 

Tetrahedrite, or Gray Copper Ore. 

Tiemannite. 

Topaz, White, Yellow and Blue. 

Uintaite (Gilsonite). 
Uraninite (Pitchblende). 

Variscite. 
Velvet Copper. 
Vitreous Copper Ore. 

Wad, Manganese Ore. 
Witherite. 

Zeolites, in varieties. 

Zinc Blende, or Zinc Sulphide. 



Soda, Carbonate. 

Specular Iron. 

Sphalerite (or Zinc Blende). 

Spinel. 

Stephanite, or Black, Brittle Silver Ore. 

Stibnite, or Antimony Ore. 

Sulphide of Silver. 

Sulphur, in varieties. 

Tourmalin. * 

Trachyte. 

Tremolite. 

Tufa, in varieties. 

Utahite. 

Utah Mineral Wax. 

Volcanic Glass. 
Volcanic Scoria. 



Wulfenite, or Molybdate of Lead. 
Zincite, or Zinc Oxide. 



Mining Parlance 



ADIT — A level; a horizontal drift or passage from the surface into a mine. 

ADVERSE — To oppose the granting of a patent to a mining claim. 

AIR DOOR — A door to shut off the strong currents of air sometimes occurring 
in a mine. 

AIR DRILL — A drill whose power is compressed air. 

AIR SHAFT— A shaft for ventilation. 

ALLOY — A combination of two or more metals fused together. 

ALLUVIUM — Materials deposited by water. 

AMALGAM — Gold and silver combined with quicksilver. 

APEX — The top or highest point of a vein. 

ARASTRA — A crude mill for grinding ore. 

ARGENTIFEROUS— Containing silver. 

ASSAY — A chemical test of mineral to determine quality and quantity. 

ASSESSMENT— Work required yearly by law. 

AURIFEROUS— Containing gold. 

BACK — The roof of rock above any mine opening driven on a horizontal plane. 

BAL — Cornish for the word "mine." 

BARREN — Devoid of metal or mineral value. 

BASE BULLION — Lead combined with other metals for smelting. 

BED — A stratified rock formation. " 

BLASTING — Breaking of rock by the use of explosives inserted in drilled 
holes. 

BLIND DRIFT — A drift connected with other workings of a mine at one end 
only. A cul de sac. 

BLIND LODE — A vein without an outcrop. 

BLOSSOM ROCK — Detached rock or ore indicating the presence of mineral 
veins. 

BLOWER — A fan used to force air into a mine. 

BOND — A written conditional option. 

BREAST— The face of a tunnel or drift. 

BROKEN GROUND — A rock stratum where the walls are poorly defined and 
the general formation unsettled. 

BUDDLING — Separating ore by washing. 

BULLION — Ingots of gold or silver ready for the mint. 

BUMPING TABLE — A concentrating table with a jolting motion. 

BUNCH — Usually a pocket or bunch of exceptionally rich mineral. 

CAGE — A mine elevator. 

CAMP — A mining town. 

CALCAREOUS— Rock containing lime. 

CAPPING — The rock or ground overlying minerals. 

CARBONATES — Ore containing a considerable proportion of carbonate of 
lead, or of rich silver. 

CAVE — Partial or complete filling of drifts or shafts or tunnels by earth 
and rocks. 

CHIMNEY — The richer parts in lodes as distinguished from poorer ones. 

CHLORIDES — A common term applied to ores containing chloride of silver. 

CHAMBER— A large body of ore. 

CHUTE— An elongated body of ore. 

CLEAVAGE — A tendency of rocks to split in smooth, regular manner. 

CLAIM — Ground held by a location. 



138 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

i 

COBBING — Breaking ore for sorting. 

COLLAR— Top of a shaft. 

COLOR — Particles of metallic gold found in the prospector's pan or horn after 
washing earth or pulverized rock. 

COMPARTMENT — A shaft that is wide enough for two or more cages and is 
divided into compartments. 

CONCENTRATOR — Machine for removing waste matter from mineral. 

CONTACT — A junction of two kinds of rock, such as lime and porphyry. 

CORD — A cord weighs about eight tons. 

COUNTER OR CROSS VEIN— One vein crossing another approximately at 
right angles. 

COUNTRY ROCK— The predominant rock formation of a district. 

CRIBBING — The timbers use to confine wall rock. 

CROPPING-OUT— Mineral or rock rising to the surface. 

CROSS CUT — A level driven across the course of a vein. 

DEAD OR DEVELOPMENT WORK— Any work performed in opening 
ground to reach ore bodies. 

DILUVIUM — A surface deposit of sand, gravel or loam. 

DIP OR PITCH — The slope or pitch of a vein or mine. 

DIRT — Referring to rock broken underground. 

DRIFT — A tunnel; a horizontal passage under ground. 

DUMP — Where ore or rock taken from the mine is dumped. 

DYKE — A wall-like mass of mineral or rock foreign to the general formation. 

EROSION — Wearing away of surface ground by water or glacial action. 

FACE— The end of a drift or tunnel. 

FAULT — The displacement of a stratum or vein. 

FISSURE VEIN— A crack or cleft in the earth's crust filled with mineral 
matter, distinguished from other veins because it cuts through all other forma- 
tions instead of yielding to them. 

FLOAT — Loose ore or rock detached from the original formation. 

FLOOR — Bottom of a horizontal opening. 

FLUME — A pipe or trough to convey water. 

FLUX — Substance used to promote the fusion of ores. 

FOOT WALL — Layer of rock beneath the vein. 

FORMATION — The general geological conditions of a given mining area. 

FREE MILLING — Ores that will separate by simple methods. 

GALLERY— A drift. 

GANGUE — Waste material mined with ore. 

GASH VEIN — A shallow vein or seam. 

GOPHERING — Digging shallow and irregular holes on a claim. 

GUT — Taking out ore in sight without effort to keep the vein open or main- 
tain ore reserves. 

HANGING WALL — The layer of rock or wall over a vein. 

HEADING— A vein of ore above the drift. 

HORSE — A body of rock of same character as the wall rock occurring in the 
course of the vein. 

HUNGRY — Barren or nearly barren of minerals. 

IGNEOUS — Rocks of volcanic nature. 

INCLINE SHAFT— A shaft sunk at any angle under 90 degrees. 

IN PLACE — A vein, or ore, in its original position. 

JIG — A machine for concentrating ore by means of water. 

JUMP — Locating on another's claim. 

LAGGING — Small timbers used to prevent rocks falling from above in a drift 
or stope. 



MINING PARLANCE. 139 

LEVEL — A horizontal passage or drift into a mine from a shaft. 

LITTLE GIANT — A jointed iron nozzle used in hydraulic mining. 

LOCATION — The area of a mining claim which has been located. 

LODE, LEAD, LEDGE— A body of ore. 

MATRIC or MATRIX — Rock surrounding an embedded object. 

MATTE — Made by roasting sulphur out of copper ore. 

MILL RUN — A test of the value of a given quantity of ore. 

MINERAL BELT — A zone of mineralized ground. 

MISSED HOLE — Failure of a charge in a drilled hole 'to explode. 

NATIVE — Virgin metal as distinguished from ore. 

NUGGET— A lump of native metal. 

ORES — Compound of metal with oxygen, sulphur, arsenic, etc. 

OUTCROP — That portion of a vein showing at the surface. 

OUTPUT — Gross production of a mine. 

PANNING — Separating gold from gangue or gravel bv washing. 

PATENT— The government's deed. 

PAY STREAK — A streak of richer ore in a vein. 

PINCH — Contraction of the vein. 

PITCH— The slope or dip of the vein. 

PLACER — A surface gold mine — extracting gold from gravel by water. 

POCKET — A rich spot in a vein or deposit. 

PROSPECTING— Searching for mineral veins. 

RAISE — An upraise in a shaft or an opening made from below. 

RESERVES — Ore bodies developed and still in a mine. 

RETORT — Amalgam after distillation; gold combined with other metals. 

ROOF — The rock above a level or drift, as the floor is the rock below a level 
or drift. 

ROYALTY — Percentage of gross or net ores paid by a bonder or leaser. 

SALTING — Placing foreign ore in the crevices of a vein. 

SAMPLING WORKS — Works for sampling and determining the values ob- 
tained in ores; where ores are bought and sold. 

SCHISTOSE — Granite rock having a slaty structure. 

SEAM — A thin layer of rock or ore. 

SET — A joined set of timbers used to keep ground from caving into a mine 
opening. 

SHAFT — A well-like passage into a mine. 

SHIFT — A miner's work for one day. 

SINKING — Extending a shaft or an incline further into the earth. 

SLUICES — Troughs in which ore is washed. 

SPIT— To light a fuse. 

SQUIB— A fuse. 

SPREADER — Timber stretched across a shaft or slope. 

SPUR — A branch of a vein. 

STAMP-MILL* — A mill for crushing ore by means of stamps. 

STATION — Chamber in a shaft cut out for pumps or other purposes. 

STOPING — Excavating the ore from the roof or floor of the drift. 

STRIKE — Direction vein takes on the surface with relation to points of the 
compass. 

STULL — Piece of timber in a set which lies on top of other timbers and is 
near the roof. 

TAILINGS — The refuse left after milling or washing ores, containing metals 
not saved in the first treatment. 

TIMBERING — Putting in sets of logs or timbers to support ground at open- 
ings in mines. 



140 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

TRIBUTER — A miner working as a lessee. 

UPRAISE — An upward opening made from below. 

VEIN— Rock lying between other rocks in which ore is looked for. 

WASH — Loose rock and dirt deposited by water. 

WHIM — A machine used for raising ore or refuse. 

WHIP — Apparatus used for hoisting ore from a shaft. 

WINZE — An interior shaft sunk from one level to another. 

Colors of Precious Metal Ores 

GOLD — Chiefly yellowish; varies to blue, brown black, gray and white. 
SILVER — Chiefly gray; varies to brown, blue, green and black. 
SILVER GLANCE— Blackish lead gray, metallic luster, cuts red. 
RUBY SILVER— Ruby red, reddish black, and cuts red. 
HORN SILVER— (Chloride), semi-translucent. 
BLACK SILVER— (Stephanite), iron black. 
GALENA— Looks like lead. 



BRIEF FACTS— NOTES. 141 

Brief Facts 

Utah has a population of 300,000, an area of 84,970 square miles. 

Land area 82,190 square miles. 

Water area 2,780 square miles. 

Highest mountain peak, 13,500 feet. 

Elevation of valleys from 2,700 to 7,000 feet. 

Area of Great Salt Lake, 2,500 square miles. 

Utah is 275 miles in width and 345 miles in length. 
Utah's pioneer band of 143 reached Salt Lake City July 24th, 1847, headed by 

Brigham Young. In three years the population had grown to 11,380. 
In Utah gold has been found in coal and silver in sandstone. 
Utah has a school population of over 90,000 and over 700' school houses. 



Notes 



The sego lily, drawn on either side of the front cover of this pamphlet, is the 
State flower of Utah. 

The bee-hive is the ground work of the seal of the State of Utah, and, as the 
emblem indicates industry, it is a fitting one. 

Average wage of male farm hands in Utah is $30 per month. 

Utah has 1,600 miles of telegraph lines. 

There are some 5,000 miles of telephone lines in the State. 

Eailroad trackage in Utah amounts to some 2,000 miles. 

Utah has about 80,000 horses and mules, valued at $1,900,000; 60,000 milch 
cows, valued at $1,800,000; 200,000 head of cattle and calves, valued at $3,750,- 
000; 1,900,000 head of sheep, valued at $4,000,000; 35,000 swine, valued at $200,- 
000. 

Statistics, incomplete and insufficient, give Utah 20,000 turkeys, 4,000 geese, 
12,000 ducks, 700,000 chickens, 25,000 stands of bees. The latter yielded in 1903 
over 1,300,000 pounds of honey. 

Of the farming lands encumbered in Utah there are 165,244 acres. The total 
encumbrance thereon is $1,658,222, or practically $10 per acre. 

The State's product of corn was 175,000 bushels of a value of $120,000, and 
was produced on 8,500 acres of land. 

The production of barley was 225,000 bushels, having a gross value of $130,000. 

Forty acres of ground planted to cotton in Utah produced 26 bales, weighing 
13,000 pounds, valued at $1,000. 

The jet of Whitby, England, is no finer than that in the San Eafael Mountains, 
Utah. 

Utah has 27 counties. 



142 THE MOUNTAIN EMPIRE — UTAH. 

Authorities 

• 

The matter in this book has either been prepared by or submitted to the avail- 
able gentlemen held to be generally best informed on the several subjects treated. 
On the topics given below our authorities are named. 

Irrigation. — A. F. Doremus, State Engineer. 

Horticulture. — J. H. Parry, Secretary State Horticultural Society. 

Sheep. — Jesse M. Smith, President Utah Wool Growers' Association. 

Cattle. — J. C. Leary, Manager Stock Yards. 

Schools. — D. H. Christenson, Superintendent Salt Lake City Schools. 

Beet Sugar. — Thomas R. Cutler, Manager Utah Sugar Company. 

Water Powers. — R. S. Campbell, Manager Utah Light & Railway Company. 

Dairies. — Prof. C. W: Clark, Agricultural College. 

The Great Salt Lake. — Dr. James E. Talmage, University of Utah. 

Hydrocarbons. — Dr. James E. Talmage, University of Utah. 

Coal. — Robert Forrester, Geologist. 

Building Stones. — Dr. James E. Talmage. 

Smelting — R. H. Channi g and W. H. Nutting. 

Iron. — Robert Forrester, Professor of Geology. 

Alta. — Tony Jacobson. 

Park City. — Jno. A. Kirby and J. J. Daly. 

Bingham.— Col. E. A. Wall. 

Stockton.— W. F. Snyder and E. J. Raddatz. 

Mercur. — Geo. H. Dern. 

Tintic. — Geo. H. Robinson. 

Gold Mountain. — A. E. Hyde, Jr. 

Beaver. — Joseph Farren. 

Tutsagabet.— C. H. Doolittle. 

Most of the photographs used were furnished by the Johnson Company, Salt 
Lake City. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



Page 

Agriculture 6 

Alta 109 

Attractions 39 

Banks 49 

Beaver ....128 

Beet Seed 62 

Beet Sugar 62 

Bingham ,..'.' 112 

Blue Mountain ... 133 

Breweries 72 

Building Stones 97 

Canning Industry 69 

Canyons 39 

Cattle 18 

Cereals 9 

Charities 34 

Climate 45 

Clubs 36 

Coal 89 

Colleges 24 

Churches 26 

Dairying 67 

Deep Creek 127 

Dividends, 1903 107 

Dividends, Total 108 

Financial 47 

Great Salt Lake 74 

Gold Mountain 125 

Guano 71 

Henry Mountains 133 

Honey ; 72 

Horticulture 13 

Hydrocarbons 80 

Industries 55 



Page 

Iron 103 

Irrigation 6 

Lakes 39 

LaPlatte 132 

LaSal 133 

Manufactories 55 

Mental Hospital 36 

Mercur 121 

Metal (output) 108 

Minerals (list of) 134 

Minerals 134 

Mineral Springs 44 

Mining 101 

Mining Districts 109 

Oils 85 

Park City District 110 

Park Valley 132 

Pioneers 3 

Railroads 50 

Resorts 39 

Salt 70 

Schools 21 

Shales 86 

Sheep 17 

Smelting 99 

Societies 36 

Stockton 119 

Street Railways 54 

Sugar (Beet) 62 

Sulphur 107 

Tintic 124 

Tutsagabet 131 

Water Powers 59 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Page 

Salt, Lake City 2 

A Monarch of the Plains 3 

Brigham Young (portrait) 5 

East Canyon reservoir 7 

Lake Minnie 8 

Governor Heber M. Wells (portrait) . 10 

Bear River Canyon 11 

A Mountain Farm — Echo Canyon. ... 12 

Fig Tree, Toquerville 14 

Wasatch Mountains 15 

Sheep Herd 16 

Wasatch School 22 

Utah Building at World's Fair, St. 

Louis 23 

Joseph F. Smith (portrait) 27 

Mormon Tabernacle 28 

Mormon Temple 28 

Catholic Cathedral 29 

Presbyterian Church 31 

Judge Memorial Miners' Home 35 

Fort Douglas 37 

Jordan River 38 

Scene in City Creek Canyon 38 

City Creek Canyon 38 

Brighton, a Summer Resort 40 

Under the Temple Wall 41 

East Drive, Liberty Park 42 

A String of Bathers 43 

Lake Mary 45 

Frank Knox (portrait) 47 

W. S. McCornick (portrait) 48 

George W. Thatcher (portrait) 50 

W. H. Bancroft (portrait) 51 

I. A. Benton (portrait) 52 

Utah Sugar Factory 56 

Deseret News Building 58 

Eagles' Nest Rock 60 



Page 

A Mountain Stream 60 

Battle Creek Fails 60 

Cascade, Cottonwood Canyon 61 

Gathering Sugar Beet Seed 63 

Thomas R. Cutler (portrait) 64 

A Village Creamery 67 

Gulls on Hat Island 71 

Sego Lily 73 

Great Salt Lake and Pavilion at 

Saltair 75 

Antelope Island, Great Salt Lake 77 

The Battlements, near Panquitch 81 

City and County Buildings, Salt Lake 

City 84 

Mouth of Clear Creek Mine— 14-foot 

Vein of Coal 89 

Vein of Coal 8 to 9 Feet Thick, Ex- 
posed in Huntington Canyon, Utah. 94 
Eighteen-foot Vein of Coal — Emery 

County, Utah 96 

Tunnel No. 3, U. P. Ry— Weber Can- 
yon 98 

Smelter of U. S. Smelting Co 99 

Judge C. C. Goodwin (portrait) 101 

The Prospector 102 

Great Western-Blair Iron Outcrop ... 103 

Outcrop of Iron — Iron County 105 

John J. Daly (portrait) Ill 

Col. Enos A. Wall (portrait) 113 

Utah Copper Co.'s Mill, Bingham... 115 

W. H. Tibbals (portrait) 117 

Capt. D. McVichie (portrait) 118 

Willard F. Snyder (portrait) 120 

Consolidated Mercur Gold Mines' 

Cyanide Mill 122 

A. E. Hyde, Jr. (portrait) 126 

Hon. A. B. Lewis (portrait) 129 



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